首页 理论教育 《实用宝玉石学》全书有以下几个突出方面

《实用宝玉石学》全书有以下几个突出方面

时间:2023-04-27 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:由王徽枢编著的《实用宝玉石学》一书,是以结晶学、矿物学、晶体光学为基础,阐述了300多种宝玉石。纵观全书有以下几个突出方面:指出了关于宝玉石的定义,宝石是天然形成的,具有一定化学成分、内部结构,物理化学性质比较稳定的,具有美观、耐久、稀有性的单质或化合物(矿物)。将首饰常用金属及几种有关普通有色金属置于实用宝玉石学之中,是因为这类金属常用在首饰上作支托或与宝玉石并现,如金、银、钯、铜、铂。

《实用宝玉石学》全书有以下几个突出方面

由王徽枢编著的《实用宝玉石学》一书,是以结晶学、矿物学晶体光学为基础,阐述了300多种宝玉石。全书共分十七章,其中宝玉石分作九个大类,每类为一章。按照本书的分类,除书的前面部分作了宝玉石基础知识的阐述之外,书中各论分为:贵重宝玉石大类(章)(如钻石、翡翠等)、普通常见宝石大类(章)(如橄榄石萤石等)、有机宝玉石大类(章)(如琥珀珊瑚、珍木、躯体宝石等)、稀有宝石大类(章)(如塔菲石、葡萄石等)、外太空成因的宝玉石及观赏石大类(章)(如陨石、月岩等)、天然玉石大类(章)(如独山玉、岫岩玉等)、印章石和雕刻石及砚石大类(章)(如寿山石、端砚石等),并对首饰常用的贵金属分为一大类(章)(如金、银、铂等),最后古玉(按朝代)分为一大类(章)(如夏商周时代的玉器等)。

纵观全书有以下几个突出方面:

(1)指出了关于宝玉石的定义,宝石是天然(地质作用、宇宙作用)形成的,具有一定化学成分、内部结构,物理化学性质比较稳定的,具有美观、耐久、稀有性的单质或化合物(矿物)。这种单质或化合物(矿物)集合体组成岩石,色泽艳丽的岩石则是玉石。突出了天然宝石、天然玉石与矿物、岩石的关系。

(2)把天然宝玉石中传统贵重的珠(珍珠)、宝(红、蓝宝石)、翠(翡翠)、钻(钻石)及祖母绿、海蓝宝石、白玉等归为一类。这类宝玉石往往是价格昂贵,其高档货可为极品,故将其与普通宝石尤其与那些过去有“半宝石”之称的物质分开。

(3)翡翠按矿物组成分类表达各种翡翠的种族关系,区分开翡翠与翡翠的相近品种和相似品种。

(4)指出了软玉是传统贵重的玉石,但各地所产的甚至同一地区的不同部位所产的其品质都有所不同。故对软玉不能笼统定名为和田玉,应该按其产地分开,其名称前可冠以产地名称(如青海白玉)。

(5)一些人工合成品、人造品及仿制品因为它不是天然产生的,其大小、物理性质是由人工控制,更不稀有,所以不属于宝玉石范围,故将其列于相对应的天然宝玉石之后,以作鉴别对比。

(6)关于有机宝石1979—1989年间王徽枢在研究河南西峡、辽宁抚顺等地的琥珀,就提出了C10H16O不能代表所有琥珀的化学成分,而应以C2nH3nO通式(一般5<n<15)表示,因这类琥珀的成分不同、种别变化较大,不能以单一化学式代表全种族,故应以通式表示,并增加了变色琥珀(蓝琥珀)的研究。

(7)在有机宝石类中除包括与动物植物有关的物质外,还应包括与人体有关的(如骨灰钻石、舍利子等)可称“躯体宝石(Body gemstone)”。

(8)第一次将外太空成因的宝玉石及观赏石列入书中作为一大类,主要包括月岩和陨石及组成陨石的矿物等。陨石和外星岩本身就是一种稀有珍贵的观赏石。其组成矿物很多也与地球上的宝玉石矿物相似,只是它产自外星。如此说来原来人们所认为的地球上的三大岩类,就应该是四大岩类(岩浆岩、沉积岩、变质岩、宇宙岩);或者分开来说,即地质作用形成三大岩类,而在地球上存在的是四大岩类。这些外太空物质来到地球上之后,也随即加入到地球上部岩石圈岩石转换和物质循环中去。随着近代航天科学技术的发展,瞻望未来,地球上外星物质将会不断增多。

(9)将首饰常用金属及几种有关普通有色金属置于实用宝玉石学之中,是因为这类金属常用在首饰上作支托或与宝玉石并现,如金、银、钯、铜、铂。但它们都不是宝石,也不是玉石,有的本身就是饰品(如金、银),但是它在首饰镶嵌中是不可缺少的。十五章最后还指出了若干首饰中的有害元素。

(10)首次将古玉收入到该书中,是因为古代的珠宝玉石是制作时间已久的宝石、玉石或铜物质。须知观今宜鉴古、无古不成今。作为一个宝玉石工作者应该知古知今。

(11)首次总结出我国宝玉石器物业的发展历程。对古玉器物的一些仿古、作伪方法也作了简单介绍,并指出初步识别方法,以利地进一步鉴别、鉴赏、断代和古今对比。

本书主要是描述天然宝石,与相关的人工合成宝石和仿制品,将它们进行对比。描述了他们的形成、化学成分、形态特征、鉴定特征、产状产地。基本覆盖了最珍贵的和常见的宝石和玉石。

最后还描述了我国古玉和宝石业的发展历史,古代玉器的特征和观察方法。本书中还介绍了一些宝石行中一些新的研究成果。整本书文图并茂、深入浅出、内容全面、条理清晰,该书可以作为一个好的教材或参考书,用于珠宝玉石研究、检测、收藏、商贸和科教。

Brief Introduction of Practical Gemology

This book is compiled by Professor Wang Huishu in Xi'an University of Science and Technology in China.(www.xing528.com)

Practical Gemology is based on crystallography,mineralogy,crystallographic optics and geochemistry with 17chapters and more than 300kinds of gemstone are introduced in the book.The gemstones are classified into 9types to be described them in different chapter respectively.According to the classification in this book,apart from the presentation on the basic knowledge of the gemstones in first half of the book,the other chapters are:Precious gemstone category(chapter)(such as diamonds and emeralds),General common gemstone category(chapter)(such as olivines and fluorites),organic gemstone category(chapter)(such as ambers,corals,precious wood and body gemstone),rare gemstone category(chapter)(such as taaffeites and prehnites),gemstone category originated from outer space and ornamental stone category(chapter)(such as meteorites and lunar rocks),natural gemstone category(chapter)(such as Dushan jades and Xiuyan jades),pyauxite,carving stone and inkstone category(chapter)(such as agalmatolites and duanzhow ink-stones),noble metal commonly used in jewelry(chapter)(such as gold,silver and platinum),ancient jade(in dynasty)category(chapter)(such as jades in Xia-Shang-Zhou time).

Outstanding parts of the Practical Gemology are:

1.expounding the relationships between gemstone and mineral,and between jades and rocks;

2.departing into precious gemstone and genegal common gemstone;

3.classifing jade by component,and unfording relationship between more kinds of jade,and distingushing between jade and close kinds or similar kinds;

4.pointing that the first name of nephrite should be added to the name of origin place;

5.thinking that the synthetics and imitations are not gemstone category,only appended to corresponding nature gemstone for comparison;

6.focusing that the chemical formula of amber should be common formula C2nH3nO(generaly 5<n<15),and that the chemical formula of amber should not be simple chemical formula becourse of diffrence of of component of the kinds of amber,and of variety of kinds of amber;and adding colour changed amber(blue amber).

7.adding Body gemstone(such as.Ashes Diamond.Buddhist relics)to the organic gemstones;

8.first listing cosmos rock shot into the upper rock circke of Earth in the gemstones and the omamental stones;

9.first listing gold,silver and platinum in the gemstone book;And expounding about baneful elements in jamelry.

10.first collecting ancient jades wares that are wtin of sisteres who bring about the East arts and ancient civilization commonly into the book.

11.first summing up evelopment courses of industrys the gemstone of China,and briefly introducing methods of ancient imitation and similation,and preliminare pointing identification methods of ancient jades.

This book mainly focuses on nature gemstones.The synthetics and imitations are appended to corresponding natural gemstones for comparison.The historical development,chemical component,textures and structures,morphological characteristics,physical characteristics,classification,diagnostic characteristics,origin,occurrence and famous producing area of most of the precious and common gemstones have all been described.Some of the gemstones have also been mentioned for the comparison with similar ones,the market overview and characteristics of different producing areas.

In the final part about ancient jades,the development history of the gemstones industry has been described.The way to look upon the ancient jades depends on the detection,exchange and collection of gemstones,which lead to the long standing of Chinese civilization.

This book has also introduced some development of the gemstones industry as well as some theoretical achievements.The whole book,with well organized text and graphics and comprehensive content,explains profound theories in simple language.It's believed that this book can be used as a good teaching material or reference book in the research,detection,commerce,and education of the gemstones.

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