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汉语与英语构词方式的比较

时间:2023-12-06 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:汉语的词素多为单音节,而词大多为双音节。就词的构成来看,汉语的主要方法是词根复合方式。英语中的构词词缀相当发达,比汉语多得多。我们知道,与英语相比,汉语的词汇量是非常小的。所以汉语之词远多于其字。可以这样说,从某种意义上讲,没有一字一格整齐美观的方块字,就恐怕不会有目前的汉语组词造句作诗的格局。

汉语与英语构词方式的比较

德国数学家莱布尼兹认为,汉语是自亚里士多德以来,西方世界梦寐以求的“组义语言”。汉字形声、象形、会意的方法,使汉字本身蕴藏了大量的信息。通过汉字的组合,可以轻易地表达复杂的事物。目前的英语单词(包括各种生物名称及专利发明的新术语)已经超过了百万。考虑到英语中有一些可以推导和联想的成分,它所需要记忆的基本单词也有100万个。而所有这些单词在汉语中都可以用4000个汉字来表达,极大方便了记忆。

汉语的词素多为单音节,而词大多为双音节。《现代汉语辞典》(商务印书馆1978年版)收录词条5万多个,其中双音节词约4万个,占80%,单音节词仅2560个,其他为三个音节以上的词。〔31〕而英语的词汇,其基本词汇中有一些是单音节词,但还是两个音节、三个音节的词占大多数,四音节、五音节也比比皆是。如impressionistically这一词就有七个音节。在有些复合的科技词汇中,十个以上音节的词也并不罕见。音节多了,就必须要有个重音,所以有的语言学家称英语为“重音语言”。就词的构成来看,汉语的主要方法是词根复合方式。双音节词中大多数就是以这种方式合成的,这是一种意合构词法。现代汉语相对于古代汉语来说,也有了一些构词与构形的词缀,因此也使用加缀法构词,但不占重要地位。英语的构词主要使用加缀法。英语中的构词词缀相当发达,比汉语多得多。以词根为核心可以前加,也可以后加,可以同时前加后加,还可以加了再加。这种形合构词法,是汉语无论如何做不到的。英语中也用词根复合方式构词,但其地位是次要的。

中国的语言文字,有利于形象思维(thinking in images),能激发人的想象力,以感性、直觉和象征主义的方式思考和表达思想。当然,我们也不回避汉语之不足。汉语时态变化较少,单复数标记模糊,表达不够精确。汉语与着重抽象思维、着重逻辑思维和着重分析思维的西方语言不同,容易造成语言使用者的抽象思维、逻辑思维和分析思维能力的不足和欠缺。甚至连讲究“渐悟”的印度佛教传到中国后,都被依靠直觉、体验和整体感悟的中国人剔除了其中的逻辑推理成分和过程,而讲究“顿悟”。

我们知道,与英语相比,汉语的词汇量是非常小的。汉语一部普通的《新华字典》所收单字(含繁体、异体)是11100个。清初所编的《康熙字典》所收汉字是47000多个。最近出的《汉语大字典》所收汉字也才56000个。即使一部欧美普通学生所用的词典所收的单词也至少在16~17万个以上。如著名的《牛津词典》所收单词是60多万个。篇幅最大的《韦伯斯特大词典》所收单词几乎达到100万之多。

当然我们不能把字和词等量齐观而做多与少的比较。多数的汉字也是单音节词,但是,有限的字,可造出无限的词。所以汉语之词远多于其字。

3.1 汉字:能造词无限

表面上看,似与英语26个字母无异。其实,汉字之造词,比英语更灵活,更便捷,更易懂。比如说encyclopedia这12个字母拼出来的一个单词,即使你对英语的26个字母了如指掌,你可能仍然不认识encyclopedia。但是,学习汉语,只要认识“百”、“科”、“全”、“书”四个汉字,就能基本猜出“百科全书”之所指。比如,一个“多”字,就能轻易造出:“多情”、“多雨”、“多雪”、“多山”、“多云”、“多风”、“多难”、“多媒体”、“多泪”、“多半”、“多边”、“多变”、“多才”、“多彩”、“多产”、“多愁”、“多病”、“多端”、“多少”、“多方”、“多舛”、“多高”、“多寡”、“多国”等等,但是,这还没完。其中有的词组还能衍生出新的词组,如“多边”:“多边条约”、“多边贸易”、“多边协定”、“多边形”等等。

在周志培看来,汉字的造字法可以概括为两类〔32〕:第一类是不带表音成分的象形(Pictograph)、指事(Indicative Character)和会意(Associative Character)。这三种全是以某种方式表意而不表音。象形文字是由与客体相似的图形符号演变而成,如“山”、“水”、“日”、“月”、“牛”、“羊”、“雨”、“弓”。指事是采用象征性符号或在象形符号基础上加提示性符号,如“高”、“下”、“上”、“一”、“二”、“三”。会意是用两个或两个以上的字作为造字单位来组字,会合它们的意义以显示所造字的意义,是一种联想意义。如“析”,表示以斧(斤)破木;“森”,由三个木组成,表示林木稠密;“集”,表示鸟(住)停在树上。这是一类不表音而纯粹表意的汉字。

第二类造字法是既表音又表意的造字法,造出的字称为形声字。它由形旁和声旁组合而成,形旁表示意义的表属,声旁表示字音,如“铝”、“钾”、“锦”、“烤”等。汉字的声旁好像也有部分的表音功能,其实,它与表音文字的表音符号有本质的差别。表音文字所使用的符号是专职表音的,表音声旁则不同,不少表音声旁也可用作形旁表意,如“粮”、“糠”和“迷”、“麋”中的“米”,都是借用有意义的现成汉字充当的,一般还能作为独立的汉字来使用,所以归根到底还是表意符号,这是一。其二,声旁的表音功能也是不完全的。因为它并不标示汉语语音的本质特征“四声”,也标不出声母和韵母,不仅如此,它所标的音也不完全正确。据周有光统计,在汉字1348个声旁和6542个形旁中,声旁表音功能的有效率只有39%。〔33〕由此可以看出,尽管现代汉语中形声字占了优势,已达90%以上,这并不表明汉语已超出表意文字范畴,或者文字体系的性质发生了根本的变化,而只说明汉字的造字发展具有了形声化的趋势。

现行汉字,不论由几个部件组成,都要按方块成形的总原则,在结构平衡规律的制约下形成合理的布局,均匀对称。在书写时,无论笔划多少都要一字一格,整齐美观。这一特点对汉语词的组成,四字格的形成,造句修辞中的对偶排比,四言、五言、七言的诗歌创作产生了极大的影响。可以这样说,从某种意义上讲,没有一字一格整齐美观的方块字,就恐怕不会有目前的汉语组词造句作诗的格局。

汉字一字一音节,在音节内声韵母在拼合过程中一气呵成,界限不清,听起来一字一音,而音节间倒是分得很清。不像英语拼音文字那样,一个字母经常代表一个音素或,在音节拼合过程中它们分得很清,而音节间由于元音前后可能有多个辅音反而不清。汉语的这一特点,即音节内声韵母凝成一团,而音节可离可散使得汉语很难产生内部屈折变化而走上形态语言的道路,只能是附加与粘合。每个汉字都是音、形、义的同一体,这一特征恐怕世界上还没有别的文字能够具备。

3.2 文言:活力及其审美

20世纪上半叶,中国文坛群星璀璨,如鲁迅胡适梁实秋郭沫若老舍巴金曹禺林语堂等。他们文采灼灼,风流儒雅;他们学贯中西,鉴古知今。与其说他们是文学大家,不如说他们是语言大师,是运用现代汉语的大师。他们的作品90%以上用白话写成,他们灵动地、创造性地驾驭白话,垒筑起现代汉语的华美篇章。

然而,回首历史,又不难发现一个略含嘲讽意义的事实:在白话文运动中的挥拳呐喊的领军人物,恰恰是文言文的最大受益者。

读鲁迅的《朝花夕拾》、《野草》,景物及描写都有一种“瘦硬的美”,能品味到一种木刻般的简练语言。梁实秋曾云:“鲁迅先生的文章的最大妙处在,在白话中硬塞几句古文。”董桥先生对鲁迅曾如此点评:“‘(鲁迅)先生之文,上穷远古,旁及异邦,近逮人生,一言一语,苍然深邃,情致极焉。’鲁迅读过古书不少,从而‘知旧世之弊’,文章‘雄厚冷峭,于书卷气杂以斗士风采’。仔细阅读鲁迅的白话文,不难发现他笔下其实‘白’中处处有‘文’,可见文言真是白话的基础。”其实,我们对董先生末尾的话,似乎还可改写,如:可见文言真是娴熟精彩白话的基础!

文言和白话,古已有之。其名称流行的时间却不长。文言和白话,两者皆书面语也。文言文是建立在先秦口语的基础上的上古汉语书面语言,而这里所说的口语则是以唐宋以来的北方话为基础的书面表达。今天大家使用的白话文,即现代汉语普通话书面语,即形成于此。

另一个略含嘲讽的事实是:“五四”新文学运动兴起以后,白话文曾经是文学革命的一个突出标志。但最初出现的白话文学,有的就像放足不久的女子,行走尚难自如。其间充斥欧化句法,其晦其涩,甚至超过了古文。然而,此前约一个半世纪,用白话文写成的《红楼梦》,却已语言纯熟而又魅力无限。这实在不能不让人惊叹曹雪芹的伟大!

应当承认,一定的文言功底有利于形成娴熟而又典雅、明快而又灵动的汉语语感。文言,活力长存,不仅是现代汉语的根基,而且还是现代汉语的这根珍珠项链上的一块璀璨宝石

现代汉语大师们的个人经历和宏篇巨著启迪我们:自少年时期起,大师们就基本已经形成一种以文言为本位的语感。这种文言本位语感,相随他们成人,相伴他们终生,奠定他们文字表达的基本格局,形成了他们文字表达的“下意识”,使得他们运用语汇时,总是那么纯粹、凝练、古朴和典雅。他们能够自如娴熟地从古诗文中,选取极富表现力和生命力的词汇、诗句,生动、鲜活地或摹像、或写意、或达情。寥寥数语,便传神、传情、传心、传意。

现代汉语之美,美在古朴典雅,美在简洁庄重。此美多源于对传统的承传,或曰文言也。

法国教育部长贝鲁在构想21世纪教育事业蓝图时,把加强拉丁语教学作为教学改革的重要举措,要求小学生“从五年级就开始学拉丁语”。众所周知,拉丁语是一种古老的语言。为什么如此发达的现代化国度竟然要孩子们去学这早已消亡的古董式的语言呢?贝鲁解释说,因为它“是掌握现代语言的极好基础”。

遗憾的是,今日译者常不识汉语美之要素,误以为母语即汉语,汉语早就过关,有什么必要去学习老古董——文言呢?于是乎,提笔翻译,其汉语之苍白,之枯涩,之乏味,“像个瘪三”(毛泽东语)!

上海交通大学外国语学院招收英语专业硕士研究生入学考试“汉译英”部分曾有一句:

太华之高不知几千仞,惜未能裹粮往登焉。

“惜未能裹粮往登焉”一句传递的整体信息是什么?作者到底登山了没有?抑或是半途而废?竟然有半数考生之译文让人雾里看花。

Huashan Mount is too high to be measured and I regretted not to climb it. (作者未登山)

The height of Hua Shan Mountain is really beyond my imagination. I regretted that I had climbed without carrying food. (作者登山而未携带食物)

The mountain was so high that our food could not be sufficient to support our trip to the top. (作者登山却半途而废)

其实,上句可译:

I have no idea how many thousand feet high the Huashan Mountains are and regret very much not having been able to pack up some dry provisions and go exploring them for a few days.

以下一段文字,略含文言:

某君昆仲,今隐其名,皆余昔日在中学时良友;分隔多年,消息渐阙。日前偶闻其一大病,适归故乡,迂道往访,则仅晤一人,言病者其弟也。

译者却无法理解其中的“昆仲”、“阙”、“迂道”、“晤”等表达。由于对“昆仲”二字理解有误(将“昆仲”理解为某君之姓名),其译成了典型“乱译”:

A person called Kunzhong, whose name I am not going to mention, was my good friend in high school. After long time no see, news about him gradually arrived. I heard that he was seriously sick one day, and he was just at hometown, so I went to call him in a roundabout way. But I did meet himself alone, who told me that his younger brother was also sick.

略有文言基础者,便能译成:

Twobrothers,whose name I need not mention here, were both good friends of mine in high school. After a separation of many years we gradually lost touch. Some time ago I happened to hear that one of them was seriously ill, and since I was going back to my old home I broke my journey to call on them. I saw only one, however, who told me that the invalid was his younger brother.

这是一个“无错不成书”的年代,笔者曾请硕士生帮忙校对(proofread)一书。请硕士生校对,岂非杀鸡用牛刀?开始,我也这么想。结果却很失望。错字、别字明明白白地放在那里。比如“按步就班”、“机器按装”、“不贬眼睛”、“不卑不坑”等等,均从硕士生的眼皮底下溜走了!错的没有改正,正确的却被改歪了!让人哭笑不得也。比如:

那猴子原来第一回爬树偷果子。他把金击子鼓了一下,那果子扑的落将下来。(《西游记》第二十四回)

Now there is nothing that monkeys are better at than climbing trees to steal fruit, and one blow from the golden rod sent the man fruit tumbling down.

贾政笑道:“倒是此处有些道理。固然系人力穿凿,此时一见,未免勾起我归农之意,我们且进去歇息歇息。”(《红楼梦》第十七回)

"I see the point of this place," declared Jia Zheng. "Although artificially made, the sight of it tempts one to retire to the country. Let us go in and rest a while."

在校对以上汉语原文时,一硕士生做以下“校正”:

那果子扑的落将下来→那果子扑的落了下来(此君认为“落将下来”表达错了,因而改成“落了下来”。)

未免勾起我归农之意→未免勾起我归田之意(此君认为“归农”应该改成“归田”,因为汉语有“解甲归田”的成语呀!)

面对此君振振有辞的辩解,笔者一时语塞。走入书房,取出《西游记》,翻到第二十四回(万寿山大仙留故友/五庄观行者窃人参),再取出《红楼梦》翻到第十七回(大观园试才题对额/荣国府归省庆元宵)。对照了原文之后,此君方才醒悟。

多少年来,在许多人的意识里,似乎只有用纯粹的白话才是翻译之正道,而“半文不白”、“文白夹杂”的译文则多遭贬斥。

语言要走向现代,其表现应该是多元的,不仅依靠增加新词和外来语,还应依靠传统。推陈出新,丰富自身。只有当语言有较多的传统文化积淀和继承时,它才会有品位,更前卫。若是一味拒斥文言,追求百分之百的白话,语言将丧失典雅,而味同嚼蜡。

文言的介入,语言一下子就浓缩了,雅化了。因为浓缩,就有了令人回味的余地;因为雅化,就有了书卷味和文采。相对英语而言,这是现代汉语的具有鲜明个性的美之所在。

请欣赏:

建筑也是新式的,简洁不罗嗦,痛快之至。……威尼斯的玻璃器皿,刻花皮件,都是名产,以典丽风华胜,缂丝也不错。大理石小雕像,是著名大品的缩本,比出于名手的还有味。

“痛快之至”、“以典丽风华胜”、“出于名手”都散发浓郁的文言味,又与“简洁不罗嗦”、“还有味”等典型的口语自然地融为一体。

不必把“文”、“白”刻意地对立起来,它们都具有洗练和简洁的共同点,完全可以做到水乳交融。

我将深味这非人间的浓黑的悲凉;以我的最大哀痛显示于非人间,使它们快意于我的苦痛,就将这作为后死者的菲薄的祭品,奉献于逝者的灵前。

三个介词“于”的连用,将状语后置,造成了一种低回深沉、冷峻凄怆的感情基调。

这是何等的气度,何等磊落胸怀,千载而下,犹令人感奋不已!

“千载而下,犹令人感奋不已”是文言中“四字+七字”的常见句法,表达浓缩、酣畅而又富有节奏感。

中国的诗文里,颂赞秋的文字特别的多。但外国的诗人,又何尝不然?……秋之于人,何尝有国别,更何尝有人种阶级的区别呢?

“之”的使用,令作者见解的表达更庄重,平添一份从容洒脱的韵味。

呜呼,我说不出话,但以此记念刘和珍君!

若将上句的“呜呼”换成“啊”、“哦”之类的叹词,岂不大煞风景?读到这里,便令人想起文天祥在《指南录后序》里那声悲壮的“呜呼”和欧阳修在《伶官传序》里那声充满历史慨叹的“呜呼”。由此可见,有些文言词语已经不是单纯的认知符号,而已经化作一种精神和情感,犹如遗珠,在心空熠熠闪烁。

语言的发展不能割断传统。值得庆幸的是,汉语比起英语来,在吸收外来语方面正在直追英语,而在继承自身传统及从文言中汲取语言的养分这方面,则令英语汗颜!

现代汉语,海绵吸水般地继承文言精华,现代与传统的传承,传承出精彩的洗练美;现代与传统的碰撞,碰撞出璀璨的典雅美。如:

去国有年的人们踏上了故土,就发现其变化已非在海外时所能想见。(www.xing528.com)

“去国”二字,何等洗练!此二字来自“去国还乡”也!见范仲淹之《岳阳楼记》。

父母的宠纵、生活的顺利养成了他孤傲自是的个性。

“孤傲自是”的表达,何等凝练!“自是”二字则来源于《问说》中之“是己而非人”!

幼时的我生活贫穷,认为糖和甜食就是天下的至味。

“至味”二字,何等干练!至,最也。又见于林觉民的《与妻书》中的“吾爱汝至”!

她面有戚容,大家都知道她又想起了早逝的儿子。

“戚容”二字,何等庄严!柳宗元的《捕蛇者说》中不是有“貌若甚戚者”之句吗?

世上有的是芸芸众生,碌碌黔首,出类拔萃者又能有几何?

“碌碌黔首”四字,何等明快!它借自贾谊的《过秦论》,贾谊不是写道“焚百家之言,以愚黔首”吗?

广场上的假日音乐会正在举行,观者如堵。

“观者如堵”,何等形象!蒲松龄的《促织》不是以“于败堵丛草处”来写促织的潜伏地吗?

多数农民以金丝猴为捕猎对象,主要是陋习使然。

“使然”二字,何等典雅!荀子的《劝学》篇中不是就有“虽有槁暴,不复挺者,輮使之然也”一句吗?

作为一介书生,吴晗与黑暗势力抗争的武器是那么的有限,首先想到的是“以笔代枪”。

“一介”二字,何等铿锵!《史记·廉颇藺相如列传》写道:“大王遣一介之使至赵,赵立奉璧来。”

自学成才的他说,忝列于高等学府神圣殿堂,深感惶然。

“忝列”二字,何等惶然!司马光的《训俭示康》中有如此一句:二十忝科名,闻喜宴独不戴花。

这不啻又在这母女俩的心灵伤口上撒了一把盐。

“不啻”二字,何等古朴!取自蒲松龄之《促织》也。蒲写道:大喜,笼归,举家庆贺,虽连城拱璧不啻也。

文坛巨擘的鲁迅,一生都保持了学生时代的生活习惯。

“巨擘”二字,何等肃然!梁启超在《戊戌政变记·谭嗣同传》中写道:“时余方访君寓,对坐榻上,有所擘画。”

车尔尼雪夫斯基说:“美感的主要特征是一种赏心悦目的快感。”以上这些文言闪烁的表达,古朴典丽,雅饬文饰,不给读者一种阅读享受吗?

2001年,全国高考有一轰动新闻:南京13中考生蒋昕捷,用100%的文言写成《赤兔之死》一文。引起语文教学界和语言研究者们的热切关注。国内《人民日报》、《文汇报》等数十种报刊转载此文。

译界对此岂能不闻不问!译界对此岂能不思不想?《赤兔之死》的出现以及学界的反应暗递一个重要信息:文言作文,得到认可。在现代汉语中适当使用文言,值得提倡!现代汉语的生机与活力,来自新词(包括外来语);现代汉语之美来自适当使用文言。

《赤兔之死》有一段:

赤兔马泣曰:“吾尝慕不食周粟之伯夷、叔齐之高义。玉可碎而不可损其白,竹可破而不可毁其节。士为知己而死,人因诚信而存,吾安肯食吴粟而苟活于世间?”言罢,伏地而亡。

一叶知秋。仅此一段,便足令我们领略文言的典雅和飘逸。对偶,是如此工整而又洒脱:“玉可碎而不可损其白,竹可破而不可毁其节,士为知己而死,人因诚信而存。”简洁,是如此晓畅明白:“泣曰……言罢,伏地而亡。”

当试图以同样典雅飘逸的英语文字来翻译上段文字,而发现不可能的时候,我们才能更真切地发出慨叹:典雅,非汉语莫属也!

Chi-tu then said woefully, "I have long admired the noble Bo Yi and Shu Qi who refused food from their enemy and learnt that a jade, even if shattered, can never lose its purity and likewise a bamboo, even if cleaved, will remain straight. Since only for a bosom friend does a noble man choose to die and only for the virtue of honesty does a common man choose to live, how can I lick from my enemy's finger and live an undeserved life?" With these words, it fell dead.

文言英译,其结果不言自明。那么,若将近代的英语作品译成汉语,将是怎样的情况呢?比如16~17世纪的英国哲学家Francis Bacon(弗兰西斯·培根)的名篇“Of Studies”(《论读书》)的原文与其汉译,略作对比,结果又将如何?

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.

读书足以怡情,足以博彩,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其博彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节,然纵观统筹、全局策划,则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰,文采藻饰过盛则矫,全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足,经验又补读书之不足,盖天生才干犹如自然花草,读书然后知如何修剪移接;而书中所示,如不以经验范之,则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书,无知者羡读书,唯明智之士用读书,然书并不以用处告人,用书之智不在书中,而在书外,全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者,不可尽信书上所言,亦不可只为寻章摘句,而应推敲细想。书有可浅尝者,可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼慢咽。换言之,有只须读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读,取其所作摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者,否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏,淡而无味矣。

16~17世纪的英国文豪Francis Bacon若是地下有知,当会对此段之汉译而大发感慨!打个比方,文字飘逸古劲的《赤兔之死》译成英语,宛如一杯清醇的浓茶中兑了一桶水。那么,“Of Studies”的汉语今译,则是锦上添花!本已端庄的原文更加秀逸多姿,本已耐读的表达更加典雅精彩!语言的成功转换,令文章的内涵趋深、趋泛、趋秀、趋雅。

试比较:

To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation.

此句并非perfect parallelism(完美的平行结构),而相应的汉译“读书费时过多易惰,文采藻饰过盛则矫”,却是形式更趋完美的对仗句式!

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business.

读书足以怡情,足以博彩,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其博彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。

若从形式和内容两个方面对原文和译文进行分析,无疑,汉译均有明显胜出。如for ornament, is in discourse一句,其汉译“其博彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中”,不仅文采灿烂,而且将原句的内涵做了深刻的阐扬和艺术的发挥。

纵览今日之汉语,“借形”外来语(如WTO、CT、MTV、CD等)和“借音”外来语(如伊妹儿、丁克、舍宾、销品茂等)“比翼齐飞”;当“亲密接触”等网络文学新词和“零距离”等科技术语的活用闪亮登场,我们的汉语并没有“忘本”,并没有舍弃文言传统。相反,富有表现力和生命力的文言用词用语,在汉语的“流通领域”得到了空前的认可和正确运用。中华民族久受压抑的民族精神在改革开放以来的20多年中得到空前焕发,汉语如古木逢春,一派昂然生机!

现代汉语没有忘本,且十分注重汲取文言精华,以致典雅美能够成为现代汉语的鲜明个性的现状,令我们语言工作者深感欣慰,特别是当我们把研究的目光投向大洋彼岸的时候。英语(特别是美国英语)在尊重语言传统、继承语言精华方面存在着各种问题。

美国小说家Theodore Dreiser(西奥多·德莱塞)在长篇小说Sister Carrie(《嘉丽妹妹》)有以下一段:

When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. Either she falls into saving hands and becomes better, or she rapidly assumes the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and becomes worse. Of an intermediate balance, under the circumstances, there is no possibility. The city has its cunning wiles, no less than the infinitely smaller and more human tempter. There are large forces which allure with all the soulfulness of expression possible in the most cultured human. The gleam of a thousand lights is often as effective as the persuasive light in a wooing and fascinating eye. Half the undoing of the unsophisticated and natural mind is accomplished by forces wholly superhuman. A blare of sound, a roar of life, a vast array of human hives, appeal to the astonished senses in equivocal terms. Without a counselor at hand to whisper cautious interpretations, what falsehoods may not these things breathe into the unguarded ear! Unrecognized for what they are, their beauty, like music, too often relaxes, then weakens, then perverts the simpler human perceptions.

一个18岁的姑娘离家出门,她无非有两种遭遇。要么落到好人手里,而过上好日子,要么马上接受了三教九流的道德标准,由好变坏。在这样的环境里,要保持中间状态是不可能的。大都市里到处是狡诈的骗局,其程度并不差于比它小得多的装着人样的诱惑者。有的力量巨大,会像修养到家的人那样用激情来骗人上当。万点灯火的闪耀和乞爱挑情的眼波,就影响人的道德而言,具有同样的魔力。天真未凿的心灵,多半是有压根儿超出人力之上的力量所败坏的。喧嚣的市声、沸腾的生活、鳞次栉比的楼房,用暧昧的言词叩击着受惊的心弦。倘使没有个有阅历的人在旁边,给她低声指点迷津。真不知这一切会把多少谎言妄语灌入这不知警惕的人的耳朵里呢!由于不明这花花世界的真相,它的美景就像音乐一般,往往会使一些头脑简单的人的知觉放松,然后削弱,然后堕入歧途。

这是一段抒情议论文字,议论农村的姑娘入城以后等待她们的命运以及世俗大网。作者分析入木三分,文字却有些艰涩。笔者就其中的第四个句子请教了美国教授Bill Hofmann。他对此句提供了paraphrase(释意):The city—the urban whole—has its own tempting allures which are no less (are greater) than any single man can exhibit. Bill Hofmann教授在解答了难句之后,还发表了以下令笔者惊诧的议论:

When I first read your problem sentence, I had no idea what it meant. Its meaning became clear only within the context of the paragraph. 初读此句,Bill也竟坦言感到had no idea!

Thus I doubt that most college students could make much sense of this paragraph without a lot of struggle—and most would hate it! (现今的美国大学生理解写成于100年之前的此段文字也要经过a lot of struggle!更不可思议的是:most would hate it!)

And the prose of that paragraph is very dense and—by modern standards—difficult to read and understand. Our modern literature has all but abandoned the strong stylistic devices that were characteristic of writers in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Just as our society has become streamlined, homogenized, "fast", and focused on mass appeal, our prose literature has followed suit. Modern readers—the mass readers—like their prose quick and easy, simple and clear.

Hofmann教授对当今美国读者对所谓prose literature的文字风格要求作了四字概括:quick and easy, simple and clear。并高屋建瓴地认为:Our modern literature has all but abandoned the strong stylistic devices that were characteristic of writers in the 19th and early 20th centuries. 句中的动词abandoned多么痛快,多么坚决!同时又和我们对于传统文学作品和文言的所持的尊重、继承和“笑纳”态度,恰成鲜明对照!

一年半以后的今日,笔者又和Hofmann教授旧事重新。笔者将他的上述言论重新发还给他,让他再证实一下以上观点。Hofmann教授有以下修正:

I did not mean all modern literature, but the literature which is aimed at the mass market.

然而,Hofmann教授在此修正之后,马上又有以下新论:

One of our leading magazines, Time, formerly claimed that the style throughout the magazine was so standardized that the personality of the reporters had been stripped away. The style became known as "Timese"—a separate language like Chinese or Japanese. Time magazine has since modified its editorial policies to allow for more individual voices and styles in some sections of the magazine.

可见,quick and easy, simple and clear的文字风格已成时代之潮流,浩浩荡荡,不可阻挡,就连著名刊物Time也力不从心。

为什么旧时的文学作品如此受到冷落呢?Hofmann教授做了以下几点饱蘸个人感情的分析:

语言现状:To my ears, the modern argot sounds as strange as the English of Chaucer, but much less melodious or imaginative. Teenagers have developed their own short-hand codes for use on cell phones. MTV and Rap musicians explore language, images, and values that I find deplorable. Much television programming is maudlin, sentimental, mindless junk. Talk shows are trivial or banal beyond belief; nothing in that milieu requires language of any quality or style. Life at the crotch level requires few words and less style.

There are villains aplenty in the assaults on language and style. Governments at all levels, abetted by lawyers, create the most godawful arcane, turgid, incomprehensible corruption of the language imaginable. The military slaughters the mother-tongue. Propagandists, politicians, advertising agencies, and hustlers of all varieties explore language as a means, not of communication, but of misrepresentation, distortion, and manipulation. The religious community is not innocent in all this. Preachers and evangelists give the lie to all their pieties. The King James version of the Holy Bible whose English language was tutor and inspiration to generations of famous writers has been rendered into a watered-down, bland dribble of sentences lacking the power and rhythms of the older version.

Hofmann教授的忧思:Much of the literature that was studied in our schools 50 years ago has been replaced to accommodate the new political correctness. Because I am old and tutored in that traditional literature, I lament its loss, but there are those—perhaps the majority—who would say, "It's about time we gave the other voices a chance to be heard."

1)文化现状:Our culture is so full of distractions and media blitz that the printed word (in excess of two sentences) gets very little attention. Radio, television, music, movies, automobiles, drugs and alcohol, sports, etc. all compete for the public's attention, time, and money—especially money. On quiet shelves in libraries and bookstores, in a few select magazines, quality literature waits for the rare devotee.

2)新事物层出不穷:So much is new. Everyone is forced to learn so many new things—computers, cell phones, a myriad of electronic devices, new concepts, new discoveries, changing world scenes and politics, new ideas... . Science and the space program alone mean changing our thinking almost daily. Just keeping up with the present means there is little time for the past. And all of those new things introduce new vocabulary. We now have software that will write our letters for us automatically, and computer programs equipped with artificial intelligence that study and anticipate our style of writing and make suggestions.

3)社会的多样性:Diversity. We call ourselves a pluralistic society in which many cultures and many life styles exist side by side, and each minority wants its voice heard and its culture addressed. Schools today have classes in Afro-American literature, Hispanic studies, women's literature, gay literature, etc. Those classes have often replaced the literature which formed our past—the literature produced by Anglo-Saxon and European white males.

4)相对短暂的历史和移民精神使然:We are a young country with scarcely 300 years of history behind us, and that history began with the fervor to be different from the Europe of old. Generations of our immigrants wanted to start a new life here. Casting off the old and beginning anew is deeply imbedded in our national character, even when the old is only yesterday. If the traditions of language must also be cast off, so be it—at least that seems to be the modern attitude.

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