英汉翻译理论与教学研究：英译汉语篇分析

第一章　英译汉语篇分析

语篇（一）

One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss.The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the economy.Buying a commodity or stock in the belief that prices will rise speeds market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers.If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred，the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden.Remedial supply action could be further delayed.Similarly，if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity，their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the surplus actually occurs.When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price，they are also helping to conserve the present supply.As the price goes up，less of the commodity is purchased；a rise in price encourages users to economize.Similarly，a lowering of price encourages users to buy more，thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.

［参考译文］

有人可能会问:既然投机的确存在着遭受损失的风险，那么为什么还要允许人们进行投机呢？其根本原因就是投机在经济中可以发挥有益的作用。投机者相信价格会上涨而购买商品和股票，这样可以加速市场趋于平衡，吸引更多卖家较快地供应更多的货源。如果拖到商品出现短缺以后才调整价格，那时价格就可能会出现更为激烈、更为突然的波动。这样，补充供应的措施就有可能更加向后推迟。同样，如果投机者预料某种商品会出现过剩，他们就出售期货，这样有助于在商品真正过剩前价格就有所下跌。当投机者预料商品将出现短缺因而抬高价格，他们同样是在维持现有的商品供应水平。商品涨价时，销售量就会减少，涨价能鼓励用户节约。同样，价格的下跌可以鼓励用户更多地买进，从而有助于卖出正在增多的过剩商品。

［译文分析］

这一段落分析“投机”这一经济现象，对其中的内在关系进行了深刻分析。

首先，第一句中“when”引导的时间状语从句转化为“既然……”的原因从句，与“why”引导的宾语从句相呼应。同时，把句中的被动语态转化为主动形式，并增加“人们”以适合中文表达习惯。译文第一、四、七句和最后一句都采用直译法。第三句话使用包含“that”引导的同位语从句的动名词短语“buying a commodity or stock□”作主语，译文中加入“投机者”作主语，把动名词短语译为小分句，并加上“这样可以”与原句谓语部分构成结果关系，符合汉语表达习惯。“faster entry of more suppliers”的翻译采用了词类转换法。“their selling of futures”也是动名词短语作主语，译文处理为从句。

此外，由于本文中蕴含较多分析内容，译文采用汉语过渡连接词，使句子自然过渡，衔接得当。

语篇（二）

The Renaissance embraced，first of all，an impressive record of new achievements in art，literature，science，philosophy，education and religion.Although the foundation of many of these was classical，they soon expanded beyond the measure of Greek and Roman influence.Indeed，many of the achievements in painting，science，politics and religion bore little relation to the classical heritage.Secondly，the Renaissance incorporated a number of dominant ideals and attitudes that gave it the impress of a unique society.Notable among these in general were optimism，and individualism；but the most significant of them all was humanism.In its broadest meaning humanism may be defined as emphasis in the human values.It was a term derived from Cicero，who used it in the sense of devotion to the liberal arts，or the subjects most compatible with the dignity of man.The humanists rejected the Scholastic philosophy with its preoccupation with theology and logic.They strove for a smooth and elegant style that would appeal more to the aesthetic than to the rational side of man’s nature.

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文艺复兴首先指的是艺术、文学、科学、哲学、教育和宗教诸方面令人赞叹的新成就。虽然这些学科领域建立在古典基础之上，但很快就超越了希腊和罗马的影响范畴。事实上，绘画、科学、政治和宗教等方面的成就与古典文化遗产没有什么关系。第二，文艺复兴所涵盖的许多主要观念和看法赋予了这一运动独特的社会特征。大体说来，其中最引人注目的是乐观主义和个人主义，但最重要的还是人文主义。就广义而言，人文主义可定义为强调对人的价值的重视。这个术语来自西塞罗，他使用人文主义这个术语的本义是指对人文学科或者对于与人的尊严息息相关的学科的奉献态度。人文主义者反对经院哲学以及它对神学和逻辑学的痴迷。他们致力于发掘流畅而高雅的风格，这种风格更注重张扬人性的审美方面，而非理性方面。

［译文分析］

原文是对文艺复兴这一文化运动的界定和论述，语言朴实精确，结构严谨。译文多采用直译法，吻合原文体裁风格。翻译时应首先吃透原文精神，把握其创作风格，使用适当翻译技巧传达出来。

译文第一句采用直译法，并使用增词技巧（增加“诸方面”），第三句的处理手法同第一句，也增加了“等方面”这类范畴词。第四句中把“in general”提出来，译为“大体说来”放在前面。译文第七句把“who”引导的非限定性定语从句译成与主句并列的小分句。最后一句也采用了同样的处理手法，只不过这句中是“that”引导的限定性定语从句。同时，还需注意，最后一句的“more□than”结构表示对比，意为“是……，而非……”。因此，翻译时需有意识地关注英语中的一些习惯表达和固定句式，避免因此而导致的误读和误译。

语篇（三）

Parks

British towns and cities have at least one municipal park，where people go to relax，lie in the sun，have picnics，walk their dogs and play games.Most US city and town governments also provide parks.They are open to anybody free of charge.The most famous parks in Britain include Hyde Park and Regent’s Park in London.In the US，New York’s Central Park is the best known.Open-air events，such as plays and concerts，are sometimes held in these parks.At night，however，many people are afraid to go into parks in case they are attacked.

Most British parks were created in the 19th century，when more people moved into the towns.Some still have a rather old-fashioned，formal atmosphere，with paths to walk on，seats or benches，tidy lawns，flower beds and trees.There are often signs that say:“Keep off the grass”.A few parks have a bandstand，a raised platform on which brass bands play occasionally during the summer.Most parks are protected by iron railings and gates which are locked by the park keeper each evening.

Many parks have a children’s playground with swings and round-abouts.Larger parks have a sports field，tennis courts and sometimes a boating lake.In the US softball diamonds are marked on the grass and in Britain there are goalposts for football.Large parks may have picnic benches and，in the US，barbecues.In the US it is usually illegal to drink alcohol in a park.In many parks dog excrement is now a serious problem.

In Britain there are country parks，large areas of grass and woodland，where people can go for long walks.Some charge an admission fee.Many have nature trails where people can see interesting plants，birds or animals.National parks，such as Snowdonia，are areas of great beauty protected by the government.In the US there are both state parks and national parks.Many provide a safe place for wild animals to live.

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公　　园

英国的城镇至少有一个市政公园，人们可以在此放松身心，享受阳光浴，户外用餐，遛遛狗儿，运动嬉戏。美国大部分城镇里，政府也建有公园。公园免费开放。英国最著名的公园有伦敦的海德公园和勒让公园。在美国，纽约的中央公园是最著名的。这些公园里有时举行户外活动，比如上演话剧，举行音乐会。不过，许多人晚上不敢去公园，害怕有人袭击。

英国大部分公园是在19世纪修建成的，当时有很多人搬到城里住。有的公园仍然带有相当老式的那种井然有序的氛围，有可以散步的小径，有座椅和长凳以及修剪齐整的草坪，还有花坛和树木。经常会有标牌上写着“请勿践踏草地”的字样。有些花园里设有音乐台，这是一块高地平台，夏季时铜管乐队有时在上面表演。大多数公园都有铁栏杆和大门围护着，晚上由公园看门人锁上。

许多公园有儿童游乐场，配备着秋千和旋转木马。大一些的公园有运动场、网球场，有时还有可以划船的湖。在美国，草地上标有垒球场地。在英国，有足球球门柱。大公园可能有供人野餐的长凳，在美国则有烧烤架。在美国的公园里喝酒是非法的。如今，许多公园里，狗粪是个严重的问题。

英国有乡村公园，大片的草地和林地，人们可以长时间散步。有的公园收门票。许多公园有通向自然景点的小径，人们可以见到有趣的植物、鸟儿和动物。国家公园是受政府保护的美丽景区，比如斯诺登尼亚公园。美国则有州立公园和国家公园。许多公园成为野生动物栖息的安全场所。

［译文分析］

原文是介绍英美文化一个侧面——公园——的文章。因为是普及性知识，措词较为生活化，语言平实简洁，结构简单，多为简单句，句子较短。

译文照顾到了原文的语言风格，基本利用直译法，保留了原文的写作风格。译文多为平行小分句，句型多运用原文的格式。处理此类翻译时，要尽量照顾到原文表述的客观性和准确性。

译文开头把原文第一句包含“where”引导的非限定性定语从句的偏正复合句处理为汉语的六个并列小分句结构。原文第六句中使用了被动语态“are sometimes held”，考虑到汉语中被动形式较为少用，译文把这句话处理为汉语的无主句。第一段最后一句也把包含“in case”的复合句转换成汉语的两个并列句。

第二段第一句话中，“when”引导的非限定性定语从句在译文里转换成并列小分句，增加“当时”二字突出两个分句之间的逻辑关系。翻译第二句中“with”后的几个并列宾语时，译文加上“有……，有……，还有……”，读起来自然上口。本段最后一句是把带有定语从句的复合句转换成并列句。

第三段第一句中“with”译为“配备着”，使用了词类转换法，把介词转化为动词。第二句中“and sometimes a boating lake”译为“有时还有可以划船的湖”，短语处理为句子。本段第三句是“and”引导的并列句，分别说明美国和英国的不同，译文处理为两句话，用句号分开。标点符号的正确使用和适当转换，是翻译中非常重要的处理手法。

第四段第一句和第三句也把“where”引导的非限定性定语从句转化为汉语的并列句，采用后置法。

语篇（四）

Starved of Help

No human right is more clearly enshrined in international agreements than the fundamental freedom not to go hungry.In 1974，the superpowers assembled for a World Food Conference and anaesthetized themselves with rhetoric:“Within a decade，”they proclaimed，“no child will go to bed hungry，no family will fear for its next day’s bread.”Challenging stuff.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations，the body which has dispensed billions of dollars on advice and billions more on dispatching Western experts to the Third World to stem the rise of poverty and famine has for the last decade，promoted an annual World Food Day to draw the world’s attention to its failure to feed the hungry.For its first Day，the FAO commissioned papers by experts which were to be published in many languages and sent to national committees all over the world.

The writers included the distinguished social scientist，Dr.Susan George，associate director of the Transnational Institute，which studies the disparities between rich and poor nations and develops alternatives in order to relieve the sufferings which such inequalities cause.

Dr.George has acted as a consultant to many UN agencies and has worked closely with governments in the developed world and the Third World.Her professional credentials are impeccable.Yet when the FAO received her paper，they didn’t like its tone.“Although I accept-ed changes suggested by the World Food Day staff，”she has revealed，“and avoided unfavourable mention of specific countries，publication was ultimately refused.”Dr.George had not provided the anodyne re-assurances which have become a feature of handouts from the World Food Day secretariat.Perhaps it was her opening shot that put the FAO off.“World Food Day calls for commemoration，”she wrote tartly，“but surely not for celebration.How could one‘celebrate’a day on which as many as 40，000people will succumb to hunger？”

Estimates of the number of chronically and severely malnourished people in the world range from the FAO’s conservative 500million to the World Bank’s one billion.Not only has the problem not gone away，it has been compounded by the failure of official agencies to address the political issues which nourish the roots of hunger.

In her banned paper，Dr.George called for the wiping out of the Third World debt.She suggested that countries where repressive and rapacious regimes were in power should not be bolstered by aid.There were other recommendations，too，which implicitly criticized the status quo whereby rich countries controlled the destiny of poor countries.

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过分的“援助”　饥饿的根源

在国际协约所奉行的人权中，没有什么能比“人人都要填饱肚子”这个最基本的人身自由表述得更为清楚的了。1974年，超级大国召开了一次世界粮食会议。在会上，他们声称“不出十年，不会再有孩子饥肠辘辘地上床睡觉，不会再有哪家忧心吃不上下顿饭。”他们说得如此动听，就连自己都觉得有点飘飘然了。这些话也太富有挑战性了。

联合国粮食及农业组织已发放数十亿美元来寻求解决饥饿问题的办法，还有数十亿美元用于派遣西方有关专家到第三世界，以遏止贫困及饥荒的蔓生滋长。近十年来，该组织为了让世人都意识到饥荒问题并没得以解决，还倡导了每年一度的世界粮食日。为了庆祝其首创日，粮农组织还授权专家撰写论文。这些文章要用多种语言发表，还要发送到世界各国的国家委员会。

其中一篇论文的作者就是著名社会科学家、跨国协会副会长苏珊·乔治博士。跨国协会研究国家之间的贫富悬殊并探寻解决此问题的可行方案，以解除这些不平等带来的痛苦。

乔治博士曾在联合国许多机构中担任过顾问，还和发达国家及第三世界的各国政府密切合作过。她的专业资历无可挑剔。然而，粮农组织看到她的论文时，并不欣赏她的口气。乔治博士透露说，“虽然我接受了世界粮食日工作人员提出的修改，而且不对任何国家进行不利的褒贬，但我的文章最终还是未被发表。”乔治博士在论文中对于缓解矛盾并未表示信心，而表示信心已成了世界粮食日秘书处发行的小册子的一大特点。或许正是她的开场白引起了粮农组织的不快。乔治博士一针见血地指出，“粮农组织要求召开庆祝会，但这肯定不是庆祝活动。在每天有多达四万人还在忍饥挨饿的时候，怎么能‘庆祝’这个日子呢？”

世界上长期严重营养不良的人数，少则像粮农组织所作的保守估计数字为五亿人，世界银行的估计数字则高达十亿人。人们的饥饿问题非但没有得到解决，反而由于官方机构未能处理好政治问题而愈发加剧。这些政治问题是滋生贫困饥饿的根源。

乔治博士在她未被采用的论文中，呼吁一笔勾销第三世界的债务。她认为不该援助那些专横贪婪政权统治的国家。她还提出了其他建议，隐蓄地抨击了富国主宰穷国命运的现状。

［译文分析］

译文的标题采用对称的手法，处理原文简洁但又发人深省的标题。一般而言，标题的处理可采用直译法，也可采用意译法，同时还可结合直译和意译的特点，利用二者的长处，对原文标题进行变通处理。总之，应根据原作标题的风格和文章内容，译出达意趣味的标题。(www.xing528.com)

此外，译文还采用了一些翻译技巧，如第一段第二句话，采用分句法，把原句译为三句话，并作了句序调整。同时，本句的选词也较为到位，如“饥肠辘辘”、“飘飘然”。“challenging stuff”本为短语，也转化为句子。第二段第一句是典型的长句，译文根据句意和译文表达习惯，把原句拆为两句。本句中，同位语“body”后跟“which”引导的定语从句，这是英语的一个典型结构，译为并列分句。本段最后一句话也采用了分句法。原文第三段是一句话段落，译文处理也较为到位。采用分句法，把定语从句单译成一句话，补充说明前面的信息。整段译为两句话，以非限定性定语从句的关系代词“which”为分界点。

第四段前四句话都采用了直译法。第五句话中，“which”引导的定语从句也单独成句，与原主句构成表示对比的并列句。本段后几句也采用了直译法。

语篇（五）

If Symptoms Persist

In the labour ward of our hospital，young women don’t give birth to little boys or little girls:they give birth to social problems.Male social problems are destined for prison；female for mental hospital.

From the moment of birth，the juggernaut of compassion rolls，social workers，health visitors and district nurses are alerted and—to change the metaphor slightly—descend on the infant’s household like vultures on a carcass.It is an ill wind that blows nobody any work.But destiny is not to be denied by all the machinations of the social services.

Last week，I talked to a mother-to-be on the ward，her pregnancy recently diagnosed.In our neck of the woods it is considered indeli-cate to ask who the father is:it is taken as an accusation，not a question.Nevertheless，in this case I ventured to ask it because the girl（she was only 18）seemed so young and vulnerable.

“And who，”I asked，adopting my equivalent of Mrs Thatcher’s interview compassionate tone of voice，“is the father？”

“My brother，”she replied，with a pertly triumphant expression on her face，the kind of expression adolescents have when they know they are shocking their elders.

I admit I was taken aback.Thoughts of ancient Egypt swirled through my mind.All medical textbooks that deal with the subject mention pharaonic incest，and we know the disastrous effects it had:Egyptian civilization lasted only 3，000years.On the other hand，of course，it is probable that the Pharaoh’s social circumstances were rather different from my patient’s.He didn’t have to live on￡37.22 per week from what is known locally as the Unemployment；and he had soothsayers instead of the social workers.

“What are your plans？”I asked，the names of gynaecologists who might perform the necessary operation running through my head.

“I want to keep it，”she replied.“I don’t agree with abortion.”

You could have knocked me down with a surgeon’s glove.However，it is part of the doctor’s aura of infallibility never to appear surprised or shocked by what a patient says to him.

“My brother didn’t force me，”she continued.“I’m as much to blame as him.It was different with my father.”

“Different with your father？”I repeated，adding the interrogative inflection.

“Yes，he forced himself on me from when I was eight.”

I am afraid that at this point a rather frivolous question came to the forefront of my mind.Would the offspring of the illicit liaison call his or her father Uncle or Dad？The question kept at bay my feeling of utter despondency.

But whether the offspring be a daughter-niece or son-nephew，we stand prepared.On one side of our hospital is a mental hospital，a Victorian cathedral of madness.On the other is a prison，a Victorian castle for the undeserving poor.Not all the doctors，nurses and social workers can prevent the dénouement of this little story.

［参考译文］

如果这种状况继续下去……

在我们医院的产房里，年轻妇女产下的不是孩子，却生出了很多社会问题。男人的社会问题由监狱来解决，女人的社会问题则由精神病院来处理。

从孩子生下的那一刻起，怜悯之情便以不可抵挡之势源源而至；社会工作者、巡回医务人员及病房护士都处于高度警觉之中。换个比方说吧，他们就像兀鹰猛扑下来啄食死尸那样涌入婴儿家中。任何事情都会使一些人有事可做。但是却摆脱不了受这些社会慈善事业策划的命运。

上星期，我在病房和一位即将做母亲的姑娘交谈，最近诊断出她怀孕了。在我们这个地方，若问孩子的父亲是谁，准会被人看作太唐突了，因为人们并不把这话当作询问，而认为语气里带的是责备。然而，即便如此，我还是冒昧地问了这个问题，因为这姑娘（才18岁）看起来那么年轻，又是那么地易受伤害。

“那谁——，”我问道，声音里透出了类似撒切尔夫人在采访场合谈话时那样的同情口吻，“——是孩子的父亲呢？”

“我哥哥，”她痛快地说，脸上带着胜利者的表情，就是那种少男少女看到让大人们吃惊时才有的表情。

我承认她的话的确让我吃惊不小。我脑海里一下子涌起了有关古埃及的念头。与此有关的医学教科书都提及了埃及法老乱伦之事，我们也都清楚这给埃及带来的沉重影响:埃及文明仅仅延续了三千年。当然，另一方面，法老所处的社会环境大概和我的病人的环境很不一样。法老不必靠每周37.22英镑的当地失业救济金生活；法老没有社会工作者，只有替他占卜者。

“你准备怎么办？”我问她，同时脑子里一一略过可能为她做那种必要手术的妇科医生的名字。

“我想要孩子，”她说，“我不愿流产。”

我可真是大吃一惊，稍稍碰一下，我就要晕倒了。然而，作为医生，要保持诊断永不失误的形象，靠的要素之一就是，无论病人对他讲什么，他永远不要流露出吃惊或受到震动的样子。

“我哥哥并没有强迫我，”姑娘接着说道，“要说怪罪，我应和他一样受到责备。但我父亲就不是这样。”

“你父亲就不是这样？”我重复她的话，语气里却多了份迷惑不解。

“没错，从我八岁起他就强奸我。”

这时候，我脑子里涌现出一个恐怕特别无聊的问题。他们乱伦生下来的这个小家伙该叫他（她）父亲舅舅呢，还是叫爸爸呢？这个问题使我还不至于产生那种彻底绝望的感觉。

但是，无论这个孩子是甥女或外甥，我们都拭目以待。我们医院旁边有所精神病院，一个疯子般的维多利亚式教堂；另一边是监狱，一座不识好歹的穷人待的维多利亚式城堡。并非所有的医生、护士和社会工作者都可以阻止这类事情的收场。

［译文分析］

原文论述的是社会问题，夹叙夹议。语言简洁，较为生活化。译文从选词、选句方面尽量体现了这一特点。尤其是，“然而，作为医生，要保持诊断永不失误的形象，靠的要素之一就是，无论病人对他讲什么，他永远不要流露出吃惊或受到震动的样子。”语言诙谐，同时不失哲理。

第二段第一句话是简单句，但信息量很大。译文采用分句法，以破折号为分界点，译成两个句子。第三段第一句话是包含独立主格结构的简单句，译文处理为两个并列小分句。第二句话的标点冒号译为“因为”，因为句子蕴含因果关系。译文第四段增加两个破折号，处理得非常到位。由此可见，英译汉时，标点符号的正确处理也是决定译文优劣的重要方面。

语篇（六）

Modern Warfare Is Planned Right Down to the Last Dead Body，

as PETER MARSHALL Explains.

And 60，000，which does not include any Iraqi casualties nor any Western hostages，is by no means the highest the toll can go.Doubts about the alliance remaining steadfast，particularly about some of the Arab forces fighting alongside Americans and Europeans，cast long shadows over hopes for a quick，relatively painless victory.“More dangerously，one would have to worry about Iranian loyalties.It could be that an attack led by the Americans would force the Iranians into some kind of an alliance with the Iraqis.Certainly one would worry about Iraq’s response perhaps involving a strike against Israel.This situation is fraught with very dangerous potentialities for escalation and a much larger conflict which would approach global proportions.”

Jim Blackwell says there are no computer models and no estimates for what would be the Third World War.But he believes President Bush will have been apprised of calculations very similar to his own，with the additional benefit of classified intelligence sources.Once again there is little comfort here.One intelligence titbit recently let slip by William Webster，head of the CLA，is that Iraq，in addition to its conventional and chemical weaponry，also has a biological arsen on a hitherto unexpected scale.Whereas chemicals will disperse in the environment relatively quickly，biological gases，carrying viruses and dis-eases such as anthrax，blight the land for decades.

The gungho President Bush of August has given way to the time-biding Bush of autumn.It is widely believed that counting potential casualties has given him somber pause for thought.

［参考译文］

估计伤亡人数的多少，权衡是否值得进行战争——彼得·马歇尔认为，现代战争的计划要彻底估计最终伤亡人数

而且，这60 000人绝对不是最多伤亡人数，因为该数字并不包括伊拉克死伤人数和西方人质在内。对于盟国，尤其是对一些阿拉伯国家能否和美国及欧洲国家一道作战，仍然是疑虑重重，这些疑虑给希望速战速决、赢得伤亡相对小的胜利投下了长长的阴影。“更为危险的是，不能不担忧伊朗会不会尽心尽力，美国发动一次攻击或许就能迫使伊朗同伊拉克结成某种联盟。当然，还得担忧伊拉克所作的反应，或许伊拉克会卷入一场反对以色列国的战斗之中。如今的局势表明潜在的危险随时可能逐步升级，而且波及全球的更大冲突一触即发。”

吉姆·布莱克韦尔认为，电脑模型及人为估计都尚未估量出第三次世界大战死伤人数会有多少。但他相信，届时布什总统借助于各方面情报来源得知的估计数字，会和他本人估量的差不多。但这方面也没有什么可庆幸之处。最近，中央情报局的头头威廉·韦伯斯特不经意间漏出一个重要情报，就是伊拉克除了拥有常规武器和化学武器外，还备有生物武器库，其规模之大，以前是不可想象的。相对来说，化学武器在周围环境里会很快消散，但生物气体带有诸如炭疽之类的病毒和疾病，对土地的损害会长达数十年之久。

八月份，布什总统还是雄心勃勃，如今到了秋天，他在等待时机，再作决定。大家普遍认为，估计出来的可能伤亡人数，使得布什总统忧心忡忡，冷静思考美国该做出什么样的决定。

［译文分析］

原文探讨现代战争，句子较长，蕴含信息量很大。

译文标题是根据文章内容添加上的，而把原来的标题处理为副标题进行解释限定。开头第一句把“which”引导的非限定性定语从句译为偏正复合结构。第二句话采用分句法，把信息量较大的简单句译成两句话。引号里的前两句使用了合句法，即译成汉语的一句话，这在英译汉时较为少见。第三句话则使用拆句法。第二段最后两句采用了一些翻译技巧，比如副词（“recently”和“relatively”）前置（“最近”和“相对来说”），拆句（主语部分与表语从句分别译成两个单句），词语（unexpected　scale）译成单句（“其规模之大，以前是不可想象的。”）。最后一段第二句也采用了分句法。