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连词and和if的翻译方法

时间:2023-11-29 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:第十二章连词“and”和“if”的译法“and”的译法连词“and”是英语中的高频连词之一,属于核心词汇。原句中“运气”和“才思敏捷”共同为他提供了机会,因此“and”译为“加上”。“and”用于递进关系时,还可用作强调,译为“更、何况、况且、而且、还”等带有强调色彩的连接词。

连词and和if的翻译方法

第十二章 连词“and”和“if”的译法

“and”的译法

连词“and”是英语中的高频连词之一,属于核心词汇。“and”可以用来连接单词、短语和句子,一般表示并列、对称关系,意义随上下文而变化,用法灵活多样。

一、并列关系

“and”连接两个或两个以上的并列成分是其最常见的用法,表示并列与对称的关系,用来连接单词、短语或句子,多译为“和、与、跟、同、及、又、伙同、随同、连同、以及、加上”等。

war and peace战争与和平(连接两个名词)

Jack,John,and Robert杰克、约翰和罗伯特(连词三个人名

He and I are good friends.我跟他是好朋友。(连接两个代词)

Quarrel and repentance are brother and sister.吵架和后悔是一对兄妹。(连接两个名词)

They sang and danced to their hearts’content at the party.在晚会上,他们尽情地又唱又跳(连接两个谓语动词)

On the shelf there are many textbooks,novels,dictionaries and various kinds of magazines,and an atlas.书架上摆放着许多课本、小说、字典以及各种各样的杂志,还有一本地图册。(连接多个名词)

Two and two make four.二加二等于四。(连接两个数词

To work arduously and skillfully苦干加巧干(连接两个副词

The virus maysurvive weeks and months.有的病毒能活几星期,有的能活几个月。(连接两个名词)

Irene didn’t answer,and James,too,ceased speaking.艾瑞尼没有回话,就连詹姆斯也不说了。(连接两个句子)

The novel is at once interestingand instructive.小说既有趣又有意义。(连接两个形容词

The issue is at once compelling and bewildering and divisive.这个问题既紧迫又棘手,而且还易引起分歧。(连接三个形容词)

It’s a life-and-death struggle.这是一场生死攸关的斗争。(连接两个名词)

“What did she say about us?”They asked separatelyand together.“她说了我们什么?”他们七嘴八舌地问道。(连接两个副词)

So he invented a way to get rid of him and remain unsuspected.

于是他想出一个万全之计,既可置他于死地,又可使自己免遭嫌疑。(连接两个不定式)

Mark Twain’s writings are both wittyand profound.

马克·吐温的作品既诙谐又意味深长。(连接两个形容词)

二、递进关系

“and”连接两个成分,若第二个成分有进一步说明的作用,这就是递进关系,译为“而且、又、加上”。

A stroke of luck and his quick thinking soon provide the opportunity.

他运气好,加上才思敏捷,他很快便有了机会。

原句中“运气”和“才思敏捷”共同为他提供了机会,因此“and”译为“加上”。

There was a slow smiling air about her,and about everything she did.

她流露出一种悠然自得的愉快神色,而且她干任何事情都表露出这种神态。

原句中先描写“her”,然后是“everything she did”,从个人神态到行为举止是一种递进关系,译为“而且”。

“and”用于递进关系时,还可用作强调,译为“更、何况、况且、而且、还”等带有强调色彩的连接词。

You must stop,and at once,this sort of behavior.

你必须停止这种行为,而且立即停止。

However,we still have shortcomings,and very big ones too.

然而,我们还有缺点,而且是很大的缺点。

He is a great writer of short stories,and an expert in translation.

他不仅是一位伟大的短篇小说家,还是翻译专家呢。

Hope is itself a species of happiness,and perhaps the chief happi-ness which this world affords.

希望本身就是一种幸福,而且是这个世界所能给予的最主要的幸福。

On Taiwan there was little grace and less give in.

台湾问题上,没有高姿态,更谈不上让步。

He can express his ideas in English,and effectively.

他能用英语表达思想,而且表达得那么好。

It is not easy to carry such a heavy load,and during the dog days.

拿这么重的东西本身就不容易,何况又是三伏天

You have to send in your application,and without delay.

你必须交上你的申请表,而且刻不容缓。

Return to your work,and that at once.

你给我马上回去干活。

The snow began to come down and that in earnest.

雪开始飘下来,而且还真地下起来了。

I studied Greek and Latin when I was a boyand that at Oxford.

我小时候学了希腊语和拉丁语,而且还是在牛津学的呢。

I said it and I mean it.

我说了,而且说话算数。

Friction is not always undesirable and can also be very useful.

摩擦并不总是让人讨厌,而且有时候还很有用呢。

三、转折关系

“and”也可以表示转折关系,前后部分表示不同或相反的意义,可译为“而、却、反而、不过、倒、然而”等转折词。

Life is indeed a tragedyat times and a comedy very often,but as a rule it is what we choose to make it.

诚然人生有时是悲剧,而常常是喜剧。不过一般说来,还是看我们自己要它是什么它就是什么。

I can never understand how a man can contrive tolook neat and spruce and do anything else.

我真不懂有的人怎么能穿得整齐漂亮而同时还能做事情。

Almost all men have been taught to call life a passage and them-selves the travelers.

世上有许多人都晓得浮生如过路,人呢,不过是个过客。

Love lessens a woman’s delicacyand increases man’s.

恋爱消溶女子的优雅,而为男性平添斯文。

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

学习,不玩耍,聪明的孩子也变傻。

To strive,to seek,to find,and not to yield.

要努力,要探索,要有所发现,而不要半途而废。

He went bybike and I walked all the way.

他骑车去的,而我是步行去的。

It will take you two hours to get there on foot and only half an hour by bus.

到那儿步行要两小时,坐车只要半小时。

Their boss is so rich and so miserly.

他们的老板那么富有,却那么吝啬。

Be slow to promise and quick to perform.

不要轻易许诺,而要尽快行动。

Carve your name on hearts and not on marbles.

把你的名字刻在人们的心里,而不是刻在大理石上。

They call themselves Englishmen,and they are afraid to fight.

他们自称是英国人,然而却害怕打仗。

She has wronged me,and I wish to do her justice.

她冤枉了我,而我却想对她仁至义尽。

Some can only see the problems of the reform and fail to see the hope and opportunities it could bring.

有些人只看到改革中出现的问题,却看不到它带来的希望和机遇。

Britain is once a powerful nation and now a declined one.

英国从前是个强国,现在却衰落了。

So able,and the scientist is very modest.

那位科学家那么能干,却十分谦虚。

四、其他关系

“and”位于句首,承上启下,衔接句子或段落,可译为“于是、而且、因此、而”等,有时也可略去不译。

And I like large parties.Theyare so intimate.And at small par-ties there isn’t any privacy.

而我喜欢大型宴会,这样亲热得很。在小型聚会上,三三两两的谈心倒是不可能。

And I know it’s kind of a bad time to be telling you,but there simply wasn’t any other way.

我也知道现在来对你谈这些有点儿不是时候,不过确实也没有什么别的办法。

“and”用于连接两个词类相同的部分,表示动作或行为的重复、反复和连续,可译为“接连、又”等。

They sat there talking and laughing.

他们坐在那儿连说带笑。

“and”用于连接祈使句,进一步说明祈使句所产生的结果,一般译为“就,那么”等。

Go straight ahead and you’ll see a church.

一直往前走,你就会看到一座教堂

Press the button and the door opens by itself.

按一下按钮,门就自动开了。

Tread on a worm and it will turn.

(谚)踩住了小虫子,它也会翻身。喻“惹怒了老实人,他也会反抗”。

Spare the rod and spoil the child.

(谚)节省了棍子,惯坏了孩子。

Feed bymeasure and defy the doctor.

(谚)节制饮食,不请大夫。

One more effort and you will pass the exam.

再努力一下,你就会通过考试。

Stir,and you are a dead man.(Stop,or you are a dead man.)

再动,你就死定了。

A few minutes more,and the city would be captured.

再过几分钟,城就会被攻下来。

Preserve,and you will succeed.

坚持下来,你就会成功。

Conquer the fear of death and you are put into possession of your life.

克服对死亡的恐惧,你就成了自己命运的主人。

He knew how to work and the citadels would go down before him.

他知道怎么干,城堡就会在他面前倒下。

Public opinion was aroused and the Republican spokesman held a press conference to explain away the matter.

这件事引起了公众舆论,于是共和党发言人举行记者招待会澄清之。

Take care of the minutes and the hours will take care of them-selves.

节省小时间,就会有大时间。

Lose an hour in the morning,and you will spend all day looking for it.

早上晚起一小时,一天弥补不过来。

Knit your brows and you will hit upon a stratagem.

眉头一皱,计上心来。

The reckless boy cycled through a red light and was knocked down by a truck.

这个大大咧咧的男孩骑车闯红灯,结果被一辆卡车撞倒了。

Keep good men companyand you shall be of the number.

近朱者赤。

Just take a look at that fellow and you’ll get sick.

只消看那家伙一眼,你就会感到恶心。

五、“and”省略的情况

在带有“and”的习惯用语中,一般省去不译。如son and father父子(父与子),Williams and Sons威廉斯父子公司,track and field田径,for hours and hours很久很久。此外,在一些使用“and”的并列结构中,也可把“and”省去不译,而加上某些表示连接关系的词语,构成汉语的四字词组或成语,表达其中的并列关系。

He was cold and hungry.他饥寒交迫。

She can sing and dance.她能歌善舞。

在一些句子中,“and”纯粹表示语法的连接关系,而并不太强调逻辑关系,也可略去不译。

Business is pretty slack,to begin with,and then I’m fixing up a little house for Ned and Ruth when they’re married.

一来生意清淡,二来我正预备给纳德和露丝盖间小房子,他们快结婚了。

She was amazed beyond measure and the power of comment was taken from her.

她惊诧不已,茫茫然,无言以对。

The best thing to do is stayat the table and get drunk with her.

最好是与她同桌共饮,一醉方休。

The rough road was littered with boulders and pitted with holes.

坎坷的道路上乱石遍地,路面坑坑洼洼。

As he sipped his coffee,he opened a still damp morning paper,and began reading.

他一面喝咖啡,一面翻开油墨未干的晨报,看了起来。

You look a fool at the best,and a knave at worst.

你呀,说好呢,不过像个傻瓜;说坏呢,不过像个流氓。

He was fresh,clean and blooming.

他气色很好,容光焕发,满面春风。

六、其他情况下的翻译

此外,“and”用于两个形容词之间,往往使前一个形容词带有副词的性质。翻译时,可使用词类转换法处理,把前面的形容词转化为副词,修饰后面的形容词。

“and”前后的并列成分,有时是完全平行的关系,有时则部分平行。区别下面两组短语。(www.xing528.com)

red and white roses       红白相间的玫瑰

red roses and white roses    红玫瑰和白玫瑰

a statesman and writer      政治家兼作家

a statesman and a writer     一位政治家和一位作家

“and”连接两个部分平行的结构时,可译为“暨,兼,而且,也”等。

Premier and Foreign Minister   总理兼外长

ham and egg           火腿蛋

bread and butter         涂了黄油面包

a cup and saucer         托盘

brandy and water         加水白兰地

a carriage and four       四匹马拉的车

We ordered two whisky and sodas. 我们要了两杯加水威士忌

He did not speak clearly and correctly.

他讲话没做到既清楚又正确。

本句意为此人讲话没有同时做到既清楚又正确。试比较:He did not speak clearly or correctly.他说得既不清楚又不正确。

“and”若连接两个相同的名词,意指“各种各样的”。

There is coffee and coffee.咖啡有各种各样的。

There are friends and friends.朋友有各种各样的。

“good and”相当于副词,意为“极其、十分、非常”,强调程度,多用来修饰形容词。

The apples are good and ripe.苹果熟透了。

The room was nice and warm.房间暖和极了。

When it was good and dark I slid from the shore.天完全黑下来时,我从海边溜走了。

She could make you rare and happy.她会使你非常幸福。

“and”也可用于连接表示目的、时间、结果、同位关系的部分,翻译时要根据其内在逻辑关系而确定其义。

My father was to come and to see me this month.

父亲这个月要来看我。(目的)

Let’s go and see the movie.

我们去看电影吧。(目的)

You cannot eat you cake and have it.

你不能吃了蛋糕,同时又要拥有它。(二者不可兼得,表时间)

The earth rotates and it revolves.

地球边自转边公转。(时间)

The child told me the news and hurried away.

孩子告诉我消息后就匆匆忙忙走了。(时间)

Walk straight ahead,and you will see the church.

一直往前走,你就会看到那个教堂。(结果)

Read the fifth and last paragraph of the text.

读第五段也就是课文的最后一段。(同位语)

The resolution was passed at the fourth and last session.

这个决议是在第四次也就是最后一次会议上通过的。(同位语)

“and”可用来表示行动或情形的连续或重复,以突出加强之。

We ran and ran.

我们跑啊跑啊。

He waited for hours and hours.

他等了一个小时又一个小时。

I saw piles and piles of bricks around.

我看到附近有成堆成堆的砖头。

The weather grew colder and colder.

天越来越冷了。

He spoke more and more slowly.

他说得越来越慢了。

“and”还用在许多固定搭配中,一般已有约定俗成的译法,翻译时直接沿用即可。

They worked day and night.

他们日日夜夜工作。

We work early and late to earn a living.

我们起早贪黑地干活谋生。

The parents hunted high and low for the lost child.

父母到处搜寻丢失的孩子。

Don’t you expect to be served hand and foot in his house.

在他家里,可别指望让人从头到脚伺候。

Taking it by and large,we had a good deal.

总的说来,我们赚了。

It was a long story,with many and’s.

这话说来长了,头绪很多。

Japan was forced to surrender,no and about it.

日本被迫投降,没什么条件可言。

“and”也可用于引导插入性评论,一般译为总结性或概括性成分。

They’ve already finished half of the job,and that’s not bad.

他们已经做完了一半工作,这很不错。

He has a somehow swelled head,and I don’t like that.

他有点飘飘然,我不喜欢这一点。

They refused to sign the agreement—and that’s not surprising—which put us in an awkward position.

他们拒绝签协约——这毫不奇怪——把我们弄得很尴尬。

七、“and”的常见固定搭配

the alpha and omega      全部,始终

beer and skittles       吃喝玩乐

grace and favor        恩惠

kith and kin          亲友

man and wife          夫妻

rank and file         普通成员,老百姓

sum and substance       要点

wax and wane         (月亮)盈亏;盛衰

weal and woe          祸福

back and belly         衣食

dribs and drabs        点点滴滴

hustle and bustle       忙乱

odds and ends         七零八碎

stuff and nonsense       胡说八道

use and won’t         习惯,惯例

ways and means         办法

whims and fancies       怪念头

neck and neck         旗鼓相当

bow and scrape         打躬作揖

divide and rule        分而治之

toil and moil         辛勤操劳

chop and change        变化无常

flirt and flutter       挑逗

pick and choose        挑肥拣瘦

strike and stroke       连推带拉

hum and haw          嗯嗯嗳嗳

rant and rave         大谈特谈

wait and see          等着瞧

fair and square        光明正大

null and void         完全无效

safe and sound         安然无恙

vague and wooly        含糊不清

near and dear         亲近

prim and proper        一本正经

tried and true         久经考验

wild and wooly         粗野

clean and neat         干净利索

free and easy         无拘无束

high and dry          陷于困境

spick-and-span         崭新的,干净的

really and truly        真正地

to and fro           来来往往

here and there         到处

well and truly         确实

there and then         当时当地

now and then          不时地

once and away         一劳永逸地

play fast and loose      反复无常

play knife and fork      吃饭

back and forth         前前后后

day and night         夜以继日

search for sth.high and low  找遍了所有地方

by fits and starts       一阵一阵地,间歇地

blow hot and cold       忽冷忽热地,摇摆不定

apolicy of stick and carrot  胡萝卜加大棒政策

lock,stock,and barrel    全部,一股脑儿

the long and short of something前前后后;来龙去脉

“if”的用法和译法

一般而言,连词“if”有以下的作用。

1.if引导条件状语从句,一般译为“如果,要是”等。

2.if=although,even if,引导让步状语从句,一般译为“虽然,即使”。

3.if=whenever,when,引导时间状语从句,一般译为“每当……,一……就”。

4.if=seeing that,since,引导原因状语成分,可译为“既然”。

5.“if”与否定动词连用,表示“惊讶、沮丧”,译为“不是……才怪”或“真奇怪”。

6.If only=I wish引导虚拟语气,一般译为“要是……多好”。

7.与某些副词或形容词连用,表示强调。

8.表示自然法则、普遍真理,通常略而不译。

9.用于成语中,略而不译。

I’m at the end of my tether.I shall go mad if this goes on.

我已经走投无路。再这样下去,我会发疯的。(条件状语,连词略去不译)

He is an orator,if ever there was one.

世上没有演说家则已,有之就是他。(强调)

If there is anything in the world for which a young man should be more grateful for,it is the poverty which necessitates starting life under very great disadvantage.

如果世上果真有什么使年轻人更要感激的事物,那就是在非常恶劣的环境下开始谋生时所必要的贫穷。(条件状语)

If it makes you sad,that’s different,but I am interested.

如果说起来使你伤心,那就算了。不过我倒是很想听听。(条件状语)

I’m nothing,if not critical.

只有这张刻薄的嘴,是我的长处。(表示强调)

You wouldn’t find another wife like that,with her looks and her gentle nature,if you took a lantern to look for her.

像她这样长相漂亮,脾气又好的女人,你是打着灯笼也难寻的呀。(让步状语)

If God sees it fit that I should marry,he would provide me with a worthy husband.

如果上帝认为我应该结婚,他就会给我一个如意郎君的。(条件状语)

He’s off his head,if you’ll pardon the expression.

他有点不正常,请原谅我这样说。(让步状语)

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