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长句的翻译:拆句法与定语从句翻译

时间:2023-11-29 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:第十一章长句的翻译所谓长句,指的是内容较多、消息量大的简单句和结构复杂的复合句。概括来讲,长句的翻译要采用拆句法,即把原文分成几个独立部分进行处理。长句的翻译多涉及定语从句的翻译,参照前面有关定语从句的译法。这里所谓“政治首长”,是因为这位首长是由总统任命,经过参议院批准的。在同位语从句前切断,译成两句话,后一句是对前一句的解释,这正是同位语从句的句法功能。

长句的翻译:拆句法与定语从句翻译

第十一章 长句的翻译

所谓长句,指的是内容较多、消息量大的简单句和结构复杂的复合句。一般而言,简单句中多含有非谓语形式、介词结构等,复合句中含有各种名词性从句状语从句。概括来讲,长句的翻译要采用拆句法,即把原文分成几个独立部分进行处理。简单句要根据意群划分,复合句一般以连词为分界点进行划分。

长句的翻译多涉及定语从句的翻译,参照前面有关定语从句的译法。

The General Assembly may call the attention of the Security Council to situations which are likely to endanger international peace and security.(含定语从句)

[参考译文]联合国大会对于足以危及国际和平与安全之情势,得提请安理会注意。

译文把“which”引导的限定性定语从句单译成句,置于主句前面。主从复合句拆分成汉语的两个小分句。

The Court shall be composed of a body of independent judges,elected regardless of their nationality from among persons of high moral character,who possess the qualifications required in their respective countries for appointment to the highest judicial offices,or are jurisconsults of recognized competence in international law.(含定语从句)

[参考译文]法院由独立法官若干人组成。此项法官应不论国籍,从品格高尚并在各本国具有最高司法职位之任命资格或公认为国际法之法学家中选举之。

原句尽管只有一个“who”引导的非限定性定语从句,但句中有分词短语、介词短语,句子结构复杂,信息量较大。译文把原文主句主要部分单独成句,次要部分与定语从句译为一句。

This is no class war,but a war in which the whole British Empire and Commomwealth of Nations is engaged,without distinction of race,creed,or party.(含定语从句)

[参考译文]这不是一场阶级之间的战争,而是一场不分种族、不分信仰、不分党派,整个大英帝国英联邦全体成员国无不参加的战争。

译文采用前置法处理定语从句。

In any case,when jeans were ready for a risorgimento in the 1960s,they already carried an enormous mythic significance.To a generation that believed a massive military-industrial complex was brutalizing the American dream,jeans symbolized a return to the friendlier,simpler values of the frontier,where each man(so goes wistful legend)had control over his own life,and where people cooperated to survive.To a movement of largely middle-class youth concerned with political and economic justice,jeans evoked an identification with the working-class,even the poor and oppressed,and made any economic distinction among young people themselves practically impossible.(含定语从句)

[参考译文]总之,当牛仔裤在60年代行将成为势不可挡的风尚之时,既已具有一种神奇的巨大意义。在60年代的一代青年看来,军工联合企业的兴盛,摧毁了美国梦,而牛仔裤则是回到西部开拓时期那种淳朴友善的价值观念的象征;那时,人人都(像在令人神往的传说中那样)能主宰自己的命运,并为生存而风雨同舟。60年代,以中产阶级子弟为主体掀起了一场争取政治平等和经济平等的运动。对这场运动而言,牛仔裤则成了投身于工人阶级甚至贫民和被压迫者阶层的标志,并使青年人看不出他们之间存在什么经济上的差别。

原文中有三句话,相对较长,包含三个定语从句。译文处理时,采用了明显的分句法,把三个定语从句单译成句,并都采用后置法。更值得注意的是,译文共有四句,其中三句开头都标明“60年代”,从时间关系上形成内在逻辑,使整个译文衔接自然。

Each usually has a political head—political in the sense that the appointment is by the President and subject to Senate confirmation.(含同位语从句)

[参考译文]每个单位通常都有一位政治首长。这里所谓“政治首长”,是因为这位首长是由总统任命,经过参议院批准的。

在同位语从句前切断,译成两句话,后一句是对前一句的解释,这正是同位语从句的句法功能。

Congress has made laws requiring most pressure groups to give in-formation about how much they spend and how they spend it,the amount and sources of funds,membership,and names and salaries of their representatives.(含宾语从句)

[参考译文]国会已制定法律,要求大部分压力集团呈报他们的花销、怎样花的,以及款项的总额和来源、成员人数、代表的姓名和薪金等情况。

分词“requiring”译成动词“要求”,两个宾语从句采用直译法,与后半部分的名词短语一起译为并列成分。

The answer to the question of whether one should continue using the method depends in part on what other forms of solutions are available.(含宾语从句)

[参考译文]至于是否可以继续使用这一方法的问题,部分取决于是否还有其他形式的解决办法可供采用。

在第二个宾语从句前切断,前后部分各译成两个小分句。

Now out of that bright white snow ball of Christmas gone comes the stocking,the stocking,hung at the foot of the bed with the arm of agolliwog dangling over the top and small bells ringing in the toes.

[参考译文]就在那渐渐消融的晶莹洁白的圣诞节雪球中,迎来了那只圣诞老人给孩子们装礼物的长统袜。啊,那只最漂亮、最漂亮的袜子,它就挂在我的床头,袜筒里装着的小木偶还露出一只胳膊,在外边荡来荡去,袜尖里的小铃铛,也在叮当作响。

原句是信息量较大的一个简单句,副词词组“out of□”放在句首,句子因而采用了倒装结构,其后跟分词短语和独立主格结构。尽管是个简单句,结构还是相当复杂的。译文分成两句,第一句是句子主题,第二句补充说明,以长筒袜作为二句衔接的标志词语。

长句中,更多时候是各种从句同时出现,其中的逻辑关系更为复杂。

As the West sleepwalks into a decade in which moral confidence and steadfastness will be increasingly needed and decreasingly found,and as a cry for“leadership”issues from millions who probably would not recognize it if they saw it,and probably reject it if they did,John Paul Ⅱ become more fascinating.

[参考译文]当西方恍恍惚惚地进入80年代的时候,人们的道德信念和坚韧精神日益沉沦,而获得这一切的希望又日趋渺茫。千百万人迫切要求加强“领导”,而当胜任的领导出现的时候,他们却又可能视而不见,或者见到了又加以摒弃。约翰·保罗二世之所以在西方变得愈发具有魅力,其原因概出于此。

原句出现五个复合连词,引导两个限定性定语从句和三个状语从句。译文分成三个句子,“as”引导的时间状语从句直接直译过来,“which”和“who”引导的定语从句采用后置法处理,并与两个“if”引导的条件状语从句糅合一起,即采用了融合法,已看不出谁主谁次。原文一句话就这样拆分成译文的三句话。

因为英语的长句多蕴含各种内在的逻辑关系,比如时间、原因、条件、方式、让步等状语关系或名词性从句的修饰、限定或补充说明等内在关系,翻译时需要根据这些关系,选择汉语中适当的关联词;然后根据句意,把原句中的意群划分出来,然后单译出来。这里需要强调的是,译者要具有充分的语法意识和语法知识。否则,会严重影响长句的理解和翻译。

长句翻译策略

一、分句法

No longer are“separate but equal”schools regarded as being permitted under the“equal protection of the laws”provision of the Amendment to the Constitution.(介词短语)

[参考译文]根据(美国)宪法修正案关于“法律上受公平保护”的条款,所谓“分隔而平等”的学校,已不再视为合法。(前提→结论)

译文根据汉语表达习惯,把前提条件“根据……”置前,把结论部分“已不再……”放句末,原文的简单句译成两三个小分句。

With a view to successfully maintaining a balanced system implemented by a basically even distribution of Federal resources,Federal financial aid is given only if a state has acceptable standards of administration.(条件状语从句)

[参考译文]各州先要制定符合规章的管理标准,联邦政府才会拨给财政援助,这是为了使联邦政府的财源基本上得到平均的分配,确保实施一种平衡的财政制度。(条件→结论)

译文把原文的主、从句提前,把介词短语“with a view to”放后表示目的。原句译为四个小分句,是根据其中的逻辑关系进行拆分的。

So it was that the farm poor were caught in their own past,the double victims of technology:exile from their home by advances in agricultural machinery;unfitted for life in the citybecause of the consequences of industrial mechanization.(原因短语)

[参考译文]农民由于农业机器的日益应用于生产而被赶出自己的家园;而由于工业机械化的结果,他们在城市里又无以为生。(美国)农村中的穷人就这样变成了技术发展的双重牺牲品,又陷入了往昔遭受的困境。(原因→结果)

原句前半部分表示结果,分号前后的两部分阐释原因。译文根据汉语表达习惯,先叙述原因,再叙述结果,并把原句拆成两句话,内含四个小分句。

二、句序调整

句序调整是指主、从句分别译成汉语小分句,译文中把原句从句置前、主句置后的情况。

A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor,the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation,a real phenomenon in the late fifties.(时间状语从句)

[参考译文]50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象,穷知识分子以“垮掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国的典型穷人,正是在这个时候大批大学毕业生被赶进了知识分子贫民窟。(背景→前景;或背景→议题)

译文采用句序调整的方法,先叙述背景,把“when”引导的时间状语从句提前,然后展开议题,把主句置于句末。

I think that it will be of interest to everyone of us hereafter,whether we keep a diary or not,to note down upon a sheet of paper the actual circumstance which made him or her realize that this terrific episode had begun,and to record the exact time and hour when he or she experienced that circumstance.(时间状语从句、宾语从句、条件状语从句)

[参考译文]当历史的可怖的一幕揭开的时候,不论你是否有记日记的习惯,试着在一张纸上记下当时使你认识到一个历史事件业已发生的确切时刻和真情实景。往后读来,我想也是饶有兴味的。(议题→评论)

按照汉语思维方式,先叙述所要讨论的问题,然后加入作者评论。译文把“whether”从句后的内容提至句首翻译,然后以主句概括总结,置于句末。

We have already seen the effect of this in Congress,where party plays a relatively minor role in the majority of issues and where,almost without exception,a large percent of each party is found on each side of issues on which there are differences of opinion.(定语从句)

[参考译文]在大多数问题上,政党所起的只是次要的作用。遇到意见有分歧的问题,每个党内几乎无例外地有大批人士分属争论双方。我们已在国会中见到这种情形。(现象→总结)

译文采用句序调整的方法,先译两个“where”引导的非限定性定语从句,然后把主句置后。句子重心在后面,符合汉语表达习惯。

The man in the street scarcely realizes that many forms of business,some major industries,and one or two minor professions could be completely abolished without gravely injuring American society;whereas the disappearance—or even what we see in some quarters,the continuous neglect and degradation—of the teaching profession must mean a disaster to the entire nation.(宾语从句)

[参考译文]在美国,许多行业可以完全停止,某些主要工业可以完成废除,一、两个次要职业也可以完全取消,而不至于严重影响美国社会;但如果没有教师这一职业,或者像在某些地区那样,教育事业长期未受重视,因而每况愈下,那么就整个国家而言,必将是一场灾难。这一点,一般人是很少认识到的。(论述→总结)

译文处理手法同上句,先对论题进行阐释,然后概括总结。本句还要注意,“abolished”的逻辑宾语有三个“many forms of business”、“some major industries”和“one or two minor professions”,译文把它们单独翻译成小分句,并使用三个不同动词“停止”、“废除”、“取消”来译同一个动词“abolished”,清楚地传达了原文的意思。这种把词语或短语单译成句的做法,是处理长句翻译的重要手段。

三、译成外位语

译成外位语是指把原文句首总结概括性内容放在译文的句末,这种手法符合中文表达习惯。

Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are of-ten willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.

[参考译文]许多人常常宁愿牺牲高工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位,这在西方倒是人之常情。(句尾用外位语,表示结论)

A justification beyond dispute follows that planned obsolescence and its resultant throw-away mentality ought to be done away with.

[参考译文]人为地将产品过早废弃以及由此而产生的那种用过就扔的浪费心理都应该给去掉,这一点无可厚非。(同上)(www.xing528.com)

The election system is such that such a large majority ordinarily cannot be attained on a major law unless at least a large part of the three major groups—business,agriculture,and labor—support it.

[参考译文]除非某项重大议案获得商业、农业和劳工三大社会集团中至少大部分人的支持,否则这项议案通常也不可能获得(国会)的大多数票。这就是所谓的选举制。(同上)

Then,most Americans had little interest in“1,500,000square kilometers of iceberg and polar bears”beyond Canada’s western borders,far from the settled areas of the United States.

[参考译文]对(阿拉斯加)这个毗连加拿大西部边境,远离美国已开发地区的“150万平方公里满是冰山和北极熊”的地方,当时大多数美国人根本不感兴趣。(同上)

四、副词单独成句

一般而言,修饰动词或形容词的副词可以单提出来作为一句翻译,这样处理起来较为顺手。

An outsider’s success could even curiously help the two parties to get the agreement they want.

[参考译文]说来奇怪,一个局外人取得的成功竟然能够促使双方达成一项他们希望达成的协议。

In recent years,it has ominously outfitted its divisions along its western border for a lightning lunge westward.

[参考译文]近几年来,这个国家重新装备了沿西部边境部署的陆军师,以便向西发动闪击战,这实在是个不祥之兆。

There is no folly and no crime of which a misled mob are not intrinsically capable.

[参考译文]从本质上说,由蛊惑人心的宣传所煽动的一帮人,是什么蠢事和罪行都干得出来的。

五、名词和形容词也可化成小分句

跟前一部分副词译成小分句一样,名词和形容词单译成句,符合中文中并列分句较多的语言现象。

There were,of course,professional and permanent anti-Americans who had all the joys of schadenfreude at the news.

[参考译文]当然,一些终生矢志以反美为己任的反美主义者,听到这个消息会幸灾乐祸,感到高兴的。(名词→句子)

The average loss during a winter month may be astounding—up to 20kilograms greater than the average during a summer month.

[参考译文]冬季每月损耗比夏季每月损耗平均多20公斤,真是令人吃惊。(形容词→句子)

The number of the young people in the United States who cannot read is incredible—about one in four.

[参考译文]大约有四分之一的美国青年人没有阅读能力,这简直令人难以置信!(形容词→句子)

六、拆离词组

拆离词组指的是把原句中的词组(包括介词短语、名词短语、分词短语等)单提出来,用作状语成分或译为单句。这也是拆句的一种重要手段。

Strolling unescorted at midday past a major concentration of the huts just a block from the city’s Central Avenue I none the less saw many signs of occupation.

[参考译文]中午,我在没有导游陪伴的时候独自漫步街头,发现了一个很大的棚户区。这个棚户区离中央大道很近,很多茅棚里还住了人。(词组、单句)

All members,in order to ensure all of them the rights and benefits resulting from membership,shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter.

[参考译文]各会员国应一秉诚意,履行其依本宪章所担负之义务,以保证全体会员国由加入本组织而发生之权益。(词组)

以上两句中,拆离出来的词组分别充当时间状语和目的状语短语,还有一个词组单译成句。

The Congressman tends to be very interested in public works—much as new government buildings,water projects,military bases—that will bring money to the area or improve living conditions.

[参考译文]议员一般对兴建公共工程极感兴趣,因为这样一来就能为本地区开辟财源或改善生活条件。这类工程如新的办公大楼、水利设施及军事基地等等。

The major laws through the thirties,including unemployment compensation,the Wagner Act,the various farm programs,were all designed for the middle third in the cities,for the organized workers,and for the upper third in the country,for the big market farmers.

[参考译文]整个30年代通过的一些主要立法都是为城市的中等阶层、加入工会的工人、全国的上等阶层以及有大量农业商品出售的农场主制订的。这类法案包括失业补助金法、华格纳法和各种各样的农业计划。

以上两例中,词组拆离出来,单译成句,并放在最后,作为补充说明部分。

七、拆离句子

拆离从句指的是原文简单句的主要部分或复合句中的从句(尤指定语从句和同位语从句),单译出来,补充说明某一内容,一般置于句末。

At the opening banquet,Nixon seemed to have paraphrased his host’s position by saying:“There are of course some who believe that the mere act of saying a statement of principles or a diplomatic conference will bring lasted peace.This is na6ve.”(简单句的主要部分)

[参考译文]尼克松在欢迎宴会上说:“当然,有些人认为只要发表一项原则声明或举行一次外交会议就能带来持久和平。这是天真的想法。”尼克松这番话似乎是在阐述东道国的立场。

This land,which once barred the way of weary travelers,now has become a land for winter and summer vacations,a land of magic and wonder.(非限定性定语从句)

[参考译文]这个地方现在已经成了冬夏两季的休假胜地,风光景物,蔚为奇观;而从前精疲力竭的旅游者到此都只能止步。

The total expenditures of the US government for the so-called fiscal Year 1970,that is the period from July 1,1969to June 10,1970,were about 195billion dollars,of which about 80billion was for national defense.(同位语从句)

[参考译文]美国政府1970年财政年度的总支出为1 950亿美元,其中800亿左右为国防开支。所谓1970年财政年度系指1969年7月1日到1970年6月10日这一期间。

Subject to the condition that the number of judges available to constitute the Court is not therebyreduced below eleven,the Rules of the Court may provide for allowing one or more judges,according to circumstances and in rotation,to be dispensed from sitting.(同位语从句)

[参考译文]法院规则得按情形并以轮流方法,规定准许法官一人或数人免于出席,但出席之法官人数不得因此减至少于11人。

The very important oil industry,which has done much to rejuvenate the economy of the South since the end of World WarⅡmade considerable headway especially in the five states of Arkansas,Louisiana,Mississippi,Oklahoma and Texas.(非限定性定语从句)

[参考译文]第二次世界大战以后石油工业对振兴南部经济起了极大的作用。这个十分重要的工业部门特别是在以下五个州中取得了很大的进展,即阿肯色、路易斯安那、密西西比、俄克拉荷马和得克萨斯。

八、使用标点符号

语言中,标点符号有时也具有表意功能。翻译时,适当运用标点符号是一种有益的处理视角,有时甚至取得“此处无声胜有声”的表达效果。

The snow falls on every wood and field,and no crevice is forgot-ten;by the river and the pond,on the hill and in the valley.

[参考译文]雪,在四处飘落着。雪花撒在树上,撒在田野里;撒在河边、湖畔、山上、谷底——没有一条岩缝墙隙里不飘满雪花。(用破折号表示思维或概念的总结)

In 1582Richard Mulcaster,one of the earliest English grammarians who paid attention to this problem,wrote“the English tongue is of small reach,stretching no further than this island of ours(England),nay,not there over all”.

[参考译文]1582年,理查德·迈尔卡斯特——最早注意到这个问题的英语语法学家之一——写道:“英语的流行范围很小,充其量只在我们这个英格兰岛——甚至并没有遍及全岛”。(用破折号补充说明同位语部分)

Suppose this belief to be a self-deception,as we have seen that Hobbes and Leibnitz suggest it may be,“a deceiving of mankind by God himself”,as Edwards accuses Lord Kaimes of maintaining,still this instinctive belief in the power of moral choice in itself constitutes a powerful motive.

[参考译文]我们试将这种“信仰”认作是一种“自我欺骗”(正如霍布斯与莱布尼兹所说的那样);或者,将这种“信仰”认作是“上帝对人的欺骗”(正如爱德华兹指控英国神学家凯姆斯勋爵所主张的那样),然而这种本能的信仰——相信我们能在善恶之间进行选择——仍然构成我们行为中的一种强烈的动机。(用破折号解释说明具体内容;用括号介绍背景或进行补充)

What the New Yorker would find missing is what many outsiders find oppressive and distasteful about New York—its rawness,tension,urgency;its bracing competitiveness;the rigor of its judgments;and the congested,democratic presence of so many other New Yorkers en-cased in their own world.

[参考译文]纽约的粗犷、紧张,那种急迫感和催人奋发的竞争性;它的是非观念之严酷无情;纽约市的那种各色人等熙熙攘攘,兼容并蓄于各自的天地之中的格局;这一切都使那些非纽约人感到厌恶和窒息;而这一切,又正是纽约人所眷恋的。(用一系列分号列举文中并列成分)

Only rarely does a coherent picture emerge;in a sense coherence must be imposed on events by the decision maker,who seizes the challenge and turns it into opportunity by assessing correctly both the circumstances and his margin for creative action.

[参考译文]决策人要能对自己采取独到行动的情势作出正确的估量,对自己采取这种行动的回旋余地作出正确的估计,而后才能抓住时机,将危机转化为良机。这时才有可能出现事态的顺利发展,有条不紊的景象自行出现的情况是十分罕见的。(用句号断句)

Decision must be made very rapidly;physical endurance is tested as much as perception,because an enormous amount of time must be spent making certain that the key figures act on the basis of the same information and purpose.

[参考译文]必须把大量时间花在确保关键人物均已根据同一情报和目的行事,而这一切对身体耐力和思维能力都是一大考验。因此,一旦考虑成熟,决策者就应迅速作出决策。(用句号断句)

They(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.

[参考译文]对于以往的几代人来说,旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段,而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动。因此,首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。(用句号断句)

以上译例可以看出,英译汉时,适当使用标点符号可以很好地处理原文的某些内容。常用的标点符号有破折号、分号、冒号和句号,其功用多是解释性说明、补充性概述,或是单纯断句之需要。

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