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英汉翻译理论:特殊比较句汉译

更新时间:2025-01-20 工作计划 版权反馈
【摘要】:第六章英语特殊比较句的汉译英语的形容词和副词有三级比较形式,即同级比较、比较级和最高级。为了清晰阐明英语比较句的基本形式,下面以形容词“wonderful”为例进行概括。本章探讨的是特殊比较结构,因为这些比较结构容易构成翻译时的障碍。本章主要以“more than”结构为例,对这一现象展开讨论。首先看几个特殊比较结构的短语和句子,作为讨论“more than”结构的开端。

第六章 英语特殊比较句的汉译

英语的形容词和副词有三级比较形式,即同级比较、比较级和最高级。为了清晰阐明英语比较句的基本形式,下面以形容词“wonderful”为例进行概括。方式是以A和B代表比较的双方,思路从最高级→最高级,其间包含各种不同程度的比较。

A is the most wonderful.

A is more wonderful than B.(A>B)

A is no(t)less wonderful than B.(A≥B)

A is as wonderful as B.(A=B)

A is no(t)more wonderful than B.(A≤B)

A is not so wonderful as B.(A<B)

A is less wonderful than B.(A<B)

A is the least wonderful.

由此可以看出,英语中的比较结构非常丰富,利用形容词和副词形式的变化,可以把二者的比较不同程度、不同层次展现出来。本章探讨的是特殊比较结构,因为这些比较结构容易构成翻译时的障碍。忽略这一现象,势必容易造成理解上的误区和表达上的不妥。本章主要以“more than”结构为例,对这一现象展开讨论。

首先看几个特殊比较结构的短语和句子,作为讨论“more than”结构的开端。

not more than 至多,不超过;不比……更(多用于否定结构)

no(not any)more than 不过,只有,仅仅;同……一样不

none the(comparative degree)for意为“一点也不见……”,用来表示强调。

He spent two weeks in the hospital but he is none the better for it.

[参考译文]他住了两个星期的医院,病情却一点也不见好。

“none the better for it”是固定搭配,意为“丝毫不受影响;依然如故;并不见得好些”。

My car was none the worse for wear.

[参考译文]我的车用了这么久,性能一点也不见差。

“none the worse for□”也是固定搭配,意为“并不见得差一些;仍然;丝毫不受影响。”

any the(comparative degree)可以用来表示强调,加重表达的语气。

Even when the children are naughty a mother does not love them any the less.

[参考译文]尽管孩子调皮,母亲对他们的爱一点也不少。

比较下面三个带有比较形式的句子。

He is no more fond of reading than she is.

He is not fond of reading any more than she is.

这两句话的言外之意都是“两人都不爱读书”。需要注意的是no more=not any more。这两句话译成汉语即为“他跟她一样不爱读书。”

He is not more fond of reading than she is.

本句意为“not fond of reading in the same degree”。所以译成汉语是“他不比她更爱读书”,表示二者的程度不同。

The pickpocket is no more honest than the burglar.扒手跟强盗一样不光彩(可耻)。

本句也是表示强调,突出二者的共性。

从表达意义的角度来看,“more than”结构的主要作用如下。

一、表示对比

主要强调“more”后面的内容,弱化“than”后面的内容。更严格地讲,是肯定一方,否定另一方,一般可直译为“与其说……,不如说……”。但在翻译时,根据原文的具体语境,可以处理为汉语的固定表达形式来表示二者的对比关系。

采用汉语成语或四字词组:

He was more dead than alive.

[参考译文]他半死不活。

译文把“more□than□”译为成语“半死不活”,强调“死”的意味。在某些语境下,本句也可译为“他生不如死”。

He’s got more nerve than brains.

[参考译文]他有勇无谋。

译文采用汉语成语“有勇无谋”翻译“more□than□”结构,把原句的对比关系很好地传递了出来。

词类转换法:

She’s more of a singer than a guitarist.

[参考译文]她唱歌比弹吉他好。(另译:与其说她是个吉他手,不如说她是个歌手。)

译文采用词类转换法,把名词“singer”和“guitarist”分别译为动词“唱歌”和“弹吉他”,强调歌唱得好。

译成“与其说……不如说……”:

He was more shy than unsocial.

[参考译文]与其说他不善交际,不如说他害羞。

Comparison,more than reality,makes men happy or wretched.

[参考译文]使人幸福或不幸的,与其说是现实,不如说是比较。

需要注意的是,“not so much□as”的结构一般也译为“与其说……,不如说……”,这已是约定俗成的译法。如:

It is not so much the books that tell as the way we use them.

[参考译文]起决定作用的与其说是那些书籍,不如说是我们使用书籍的方式。

采用意译法:

The difference is more apparent than real.

[参考译文]表面上有点区别(本质上没什么区别)。

采用意译法处理“more□than□”结构,因为这种结构本身就是肯定一方而否定另一方。下例同。

Your comment is more bravely made than correct.

[参考译文]你胆子很大,却妄加评论。

以上几例中,基本都是肯定“more”之后的内容,其中强调、突出的意味比较强烈。

采用完全否定或肯定的手法:

It was a dry,cold hand,and the grip was severe,with more a feeling of bones in it than friendliness.

[参考译文]这双手干巴巴,冷冰冰,攥得很紧,只感到瘦骨嶙峋,并没感到友好。

本句译文把“more□than□”结构处理为完全否定的意味。

The archaeologists’efforts are not directed at“proving”the correctness of the Bible,which is neither necessary nor possible any more than belief in God can be scientifically demonstrated.

[参考译文]考古学家所作的努力并不是要证明《圣经》的正确性,这既不必要,又不可能,正像信仰上帝不必要也不可能得到科学的证明一样。

本句中neither(nor)□any more than=no more than,因此译为“跟……一样不……”这一否定形式。

She is more kind than intelligent.

[参考译文]她不是智者,而是仁人。

Unmerited praise is no more honor than deserved blame is.

[参考译文]不该得到的表扬和被批评一样不光彩。

Fame and position is not more honorable then true merit.

[参考译文]名誉和地位并不比真正的功绩更值得让人骄傲。

She was more frightened than hurt.

[参考译文]她倒是没伤着,只是吓了一跳。

A big elephant is no more an animal than a little cat is.

[参考译文]大象是动物,小猫也是动物。

She was dressed more than simply.

[参考译文]她穿得岂止是朴素,简直是寒酸。

This more than satisfied me.

[参考译文]这使我十二分的满意。

以上几例中,采用完全否定或肯定的译法,用以表示原文的强调意味。实际上,“more than”结构的另一功用就是用来强调,而非单纯比较。

二、表示强调

“more than”或“more□than□”表示强调时,多见于一些固定短语或句式。这种用法有时也表示语气缓和或婉转,避免因语气过重而给人一种生硬之感。口语中,“more than”多译为“非常”、“十分”。

用在固定表达里:

More often than not,you would find him sitting at the same table.

[参考译文]你多半会发现他坐在同一张桌旁。

“more often than not”是固定搭配,意为“经常、往往、多半”。

More than anything else I ever wanted I want to marry her.

[参考译文]我最想做的事情,就是娶她做妻子。

“more than”在本句中带有比较的意味,从上下文看,其实暗含最高级的意思,句子蕴含强烈的感情色彩。

It is more than probable that he will fail.

[参考译文]他极有可能会失败。

“more than”在本句中相当于一个副词,用来修饰“probable”,意为“极其,十分”,放在一起也属于固定搭配,意为“极有可能”。

He is much more than an acquaintance with me.

[参考译文]我跟他的交情不仅仅是相识而已。

“more than”在本句中是“超出”之意,一般采用反译法,译为“不仅仅是”。

He did more than we paid kindness.

[参考译文]他做的不仅仅是报答我们的善意而已。

“more than”在本句中意为“超出,多过”之意,强调数量之多。译法同上例。

She is hardly more than a child.

[参考译文]她还只是个孩子嘛。

“hardly more than”其实就是“no more than”之意。

表示语气的强调:

I am no wiser than before.

[参考译文]我还是糊涂。

“no”放在其他一些形容词之前,也有强调意味在里面。

How he manages to live is more than I can tell.

[参考译文]他是怎样活下来的,我可说不好。

“more than”可以放在动词、形容词、副词、分词和名词的前面表强调,一般译为“极大、极其、非常、十分”等程度副词。

The discovery of new coal mines will more than increase the coal output of our country.

[参考译文]新煤矿的发现极大地增加了我国的煤炭产量。(www.xing528.com)

“more than”在本句中修饰动词“increase”,相当于副词,意为“极其,十分”。

She was more than angry.

[参考译文]她岂止生气!

“more than”在本句中修饰形容词“angry”,相当于副词,表示程度之强。

In doing this experiment you must be more than careful.

[参考译文]做这个实验你必须分外小心。

“more than”在本句中修饰形容词“careful”,相当于副词,意为“分外,格外”。

The front door flew open and a more than ample lady strolled onto the porch.

[参考译文]前门开了,一位奇胖无比的妇人走进了门廊。

“more than”在本句中修饰“ample”,意为“十分,非常”。

The new instrument has worn more than well.

[参考译文]这个新仪器非常耐用。

“more than”在本句中修饰副词“well”,表示强调,译为“非常”。

Samuels made it clear that he regarded Webb’s new testimony as far more than unreliable.

[参考译文]塞缪尔明确表示,他认为威伯的证词根本不可靠。

“more than”在本句中修饰形容词“unreliable”,意为“极其,十分”。

I prayed to heaven in my heart that my boy,my more than son,might live.

[参考译文]我在心里向苍天祈祷,我的心肝宝贝还活着。

The traveler entertained his host with stories,some of which were really more than could be believed.

[参考译文]旅游者给主人讲故事取乐,有些故事根本不足为信。

本句中“more than”后跟从句“could be believed”,也是用来表示强调。

上例可以看出,“more than”结构中,“than”后面也可跟句子,表示强调。

He never says a word more than is absolutely necessary.

[参考译文]除非万不得已,他从不多说一个字。

“more than”还有“仅仅”之意,译法要根据具体语境才能确定。

However,each observation was too brief to allow more than a general impression.

[参考译文]但是,每次观察的时间都太短了,只能留下大概印象而已。

Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects.It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill.

[参考译文]蜘蛛至少有半年的时间忙着捕杀昆虫,就是漫无边际地瞎猜,也不可能猜出来它们能捕捉到多少只昆虫。

It is more than transient everydayness.

[参考译文]这远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。

She is more than my lady-love now.She has promised to marry me.

[参考译文]她现在已不只是我的女朋友而已,她已经答应嫁给我了。

She was more than old-fashioned;she was antediluvian.

[参考译文]她还不光是守旧,简直是老古董。

Eventually,more as a last hope than with any real confidence in a result,a sub-committee was formed to try to reconcile differences be-tween them.

[参考译文]最后,组建了一个分委会试图调解他们之间的分歧。不过,这只是最后的一个希望,而实际上对此并无信心。

Seldom is a thing more prized than after it has been lost once and regained.

[参考译文]失而复得的东西才会真正珍惜。

More is meant than meets the ear.

[参考译文]弦外有音。(话中有话。意在言外。)

There is more(to it)than meets the eye.

[参考译文]问题(事情)不像表面看的那么简单。

There is more to life than increasing its speed.

[参考译文]生活不仅仅是节奏的加快。

“no more□than”意为“跟……一样不”,也是用来表示强调性质的相同。

One minute too late is no more in time than half an hour is.

[参考译文]迟到一分钟跟迟到半小时一样都是迟到。

Schoolboy as he was he addressed the august audience with no more fear than if he had been talking to a group of his playmates.

[参考译文]像他这样的小学生,对着威严的观众讲话,一点也不害怕,就好似跟他这么大的孩子讲话一样。

本句中“more□than□”后跟“if”引导的虚拟条件从句。

No one can be in China more than a few hours without sensing her enormous progress.

[参考译文]任何人只消在中国待上几个小时就能感觉到其巨大的进步。

We are not unaware of the dangers of war that still exist in this imperfect world any more than we are unaware of our responsibility to ease,where we can,the underlying cause of those dangers.

[参考译文]我们并非没有意识到在这个不完美的世界上还存在着战争的危险,正如我们意识到自己在力所能及的范围内有责任制止这些危险的内在原因一样。

“less than”也带有强调的意味,但多用于带有否定词的句子,尤其是与“nothing”、“nobody”连用的情况极为常见,含有“至少”之意。而“no less than”则意为“同……一样……”或“不亚于……”。

Nobody less than a bishop will do for the wedding.

[参考译文]婚礼起码得有一个主教主持。

No less a man than the King made the decree.

[参考译文]只有国王本人下令才行。

It was nothing less than criminal.

[参考译文]这简直就是犯罪。

It’s nothing more or less than murder to send the poor boy down there.

[参考译文]把孩子送到那里简直就等于让这个可怜的孩子去送死。

The remark was nothing less than polite.

[参考译文]这句话远远谈不上是礼貌的。

We were busy and less than delighted to have company that day.

[参考译文]那天我们很忙,不太欢迎客人来访。

The united action of the working class is the only guarantee against anti-trade union legislation and in this action Labor no less than Tory is its political enemy.

[参考译文]工人阶级的联合行动是反工会立法的唯一保证,在这场行动中,工党和保守党一样都是它的政敌。

三、构成比喻

“more□than”结构也用来表示暗喻,通过形象的喻体,深刻揭示事物的本质。这种表达方式跟“like”或“as”结构很相似,多译为“正像……”,通过“than”后面的内容突出“more”后面的侧重点。

A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.

[参考译文]正像没有灵魂的身体不称其为人一样,没有爱情的家庭也不称其为家庭。

A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears.

[参考译文]傻瓜看不到自己的愚蠢,正如他看不到自己的耳朵一样。

A causeless event or thing,we cannot think of any more than we can of a stick with only one end.

[参考译文]我们想象不出来无缘无故发生的事情,正像想象不出来只有一头的棍子一样。

Nobody with any sense expects to find the whole truth in advertisement any more than he expects a man applying for a job to describe his shortcomings and more serious faults.

[参考译文]任何有理智的人都不会指望看到完全真实的广告,正像别指望求职者会讲他的缺点和更为严重的过失一样。

I went in,and found there a stoutish,middle-aged person□with no more hair upon his head(which was a large one and very shining)than there is upon an egg.

[参考译文]我走了进去,看到里面有一个胖胖的中年人……(亮亮的大)脑瓜上的头发跟鸡蛋上的毛一样多。

A panda is no more a cat than a dog.

[参考译文]正像狗不是猫一样,熊猫也不是猫。

The greatness of a people is no more determined by their number than the greatness of a man is determined by his height.

[参考译文]一个民族的伟大不是由其人数的多寡而定,正像一个人的伟大也不是由其个子的高矮而定。

从以上译例可以看出,翻译手法相对较为固定,相对容易处理一些。但这种表达方式具有鲜明的生动性和形象性,译成汉语时需要这一特点突出出来。

四、表示温和的否定

在英语中,为了避免冒犯或伤害人,多采用一些委婉的表达方式,比如上面谈到的委婉语。这样既避免冲突,又显得礼貌。“more than”结构也可用来表示温和的否定,减弱批评或埋怨的口气,更易为人所接受,同时具有强烈的表达效果。

You might have been more careful.

[参考译文]你干嘛(怎么)那么不小心!

原句含有虚拟语气口吻,即委婉的埋怨。使用“more□(than)”的结构,态度显得缓和,被批评对象更易接受。

Such work requires more than indomitable will.

[参考译文]这种工作单凭意志坚定是不够的。

原句中“more than”带有提醒或责备的语气。

His works seem more likely a collection of separate scenes than a single novel.

[参考译文]他的作品似乎是不同场景的堆砌,而不是一部完整的小说。

原句中使用“more□than”结构,蕴含有委婉的批评口气。

Everyone acknowledges that Newton was a great man;yet few have more than the vaguest acquaintance with his living personality.

[参考译文]大家公认牛顿是个伟人,但很少人真正了解他的为人。

原文强调人们对牛顿作为一个人的真正了解很少,带有否定口吻。

The facts are more prosaic than the legend.He was in no sense an inventor.

[参考译文]事实不像传说的那么神,他根本不是什么发明家。

原文使用“more□than”结构,表达一种轻蔑否定的语气。

Can any more man or woman choose duties?No more than they can choose their birth place,or their father and mother.

[参考译文]人能选择责任吗?就像他不能选择出生地和父母一样。

本句中“more than”结构用在反问句之中,带有强烈的否定口吻。

Hitler’s mistakes gave Roosevelt the victory;just as at Waterloo it was less Wellington who won than Napoleon who lost.

[参考译文]希特勒的失误让罗斯福赢得了战争,就像在滑铁卢一样,不是惠灵顿赢了,而是拿破仑输了。

原文里的“less□than”结构同样表达了委婉的批评口吻。

总之,特殊比较结构如“more than”(或“less than”)具有多种意义和用法。翻译这种比较结构,要先分析其内在含义,然后用适当手法表现出来。

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