第一节 汉英语称赞类动词的语义成分分析和词汇系统的构成
在本研究中,称赞类动词及词语组合的义类是这样建立的:先分别以汉语单音节动词、双音节动词及四字动词短语为基础,找到对应的英语,然后确定英语动词“praise”“compliment”“commend”“boast”“flatter”及其组成的公式语表达,找到对应的汉语。
汉语单音节称赞类动词包括“颂”“赞”“夸”“吹”“谄”,其动词语义成分分析如下[1]:
(1)颂:+颂扬,+称赞,+怀有崇敬的赞美,−吹嘘,−吹捧,−自夸
(2)赞:+称赞,−吹嘘,−自夸
(3)夸:+称赞,+夸奖,+夸大
(4)吹:+说大话,+夸口,+吹捧,+自夸
(5)谄:+称赞,+巴结,+奉承,+谄媚,+夸大
根据《朗文当代高级英语辞典(第四版)》,这五个带有“夸、赞”义的词与英语学习中级词汇的对应分别为颂—praise;赞—applaud,compliment;praise;夸—overstate,boast,praise;吹—exaggerate,boast,flatter;谄—flatter。
英语称赞类动词语义成分分析如下:
(1)praise:to say that you admire and approve of someone or something (+admire sb.or sth.; +approve sb.or sth.; −talk too proudly; −in an insincere way)
(2)pay sb.a compliment:give remarks that express admiration of someone or something (+express admiration; −talk too proudly; −in an insincere way)
(3)boast:to talk too proudly about your abilities, achievements, or possessions because you want to make other people admire you (+talk too proudly,+ try to get others’ admiration)
(4)flatter:to praise someone in an insincere way in order to please them or get something from them (−admire sb.or sth.+praise in an insincere way,+please sb.)
(5)applaud:to express strong approval of an idea, plan(+express strong approval, −talk too proudly, −in an insincere way)
由以上分析可见,该义类动词汉语和英语的词汇语义容量有较大差异,找到一一对应的关系几乎是不可能的。上面的分析中仅罗列了各单词的主要语义成分,若涉及单词的附属性语义,如语义的感情色彩时,还会受到语境意义和搭配意义的制约。
以下是汉语中称赞类双音节动词与英语的对应:
颂扬 sing praises of 赞扬 speak favorably of;praise;commend
歌颂 sing praises of 赞誉 speak highly of;praise;commend;applaud
称颂 extol;praise;eulogize 夸奖 praise;acclaim;commend
称许 praise;commend 夸耀 praise;commend
称赞/称誉 praise 吹捧 show off;flaunt
赞美 praise 吹牛 flatter
赞赏 appreciate;admire;think highly of 吹嘘 talk big
赞颂 sing the praises of; 谄媚 boast
以下是汉语中表称赞义的惯用四字短语与英语的对应:
赞不绝口——to sing the praise of;to heap praise on
传为佳话——to become a favorite tale
传为美谈——to become a favorite tale
歌功颂德——to eulogize somebody’s virtues and achievements;to sing the praises of somebody
叹为观止——to take one’s breath away in astonishment
赞叹不已——to sing the praise of;to heap praise on
英语中级词汇称赞类动词公式语与汉语的对应:
(1)praise v.(praise 作为动词)——(尤指公开的)称赞、赞扬、表扬(www.xing528.com)
enthusiastically praise——热情赞扬
expansively praise——大加赞扬
highly praise——高度赞扬
publicly praise——公开表扬
privately praise——私下称赞
strongly praise——大加赞扬
warmly praise——高度赞扬
be widely praised——得到普遍赞誉
be universally praised——得到一致/普遍赞誉
rightly praise——恰当地表扬
a highly praised novel——受到高度赞扬的小说
give plenty of praise and encouragement——大加表扬并鼓励
(There were) words of praise for (...)——(对……)有赞赏之词
(2)boast——夸口、夸耀、吹嘘
boast brazenly——厚颜无耻地吹嘘
boast loudly——高声夸耀
boast proudly——骄傲地吹嘘
boast publicly——公然吹嘘
(3)commend——赞扬、赞许
be highly commended——受到高度赞扬
be widely commended——受到广泛赞扬
be highly commendable——值得高度赞扬
be entirely commendable——完全值得称赞
be wholly commendable——完全值得称赞
(4)flatter——奉承、讨好、向……谄媚
(He) is easily flattered. (他)容易被奉承
(You) are merely flattering(me). (你)只是在奉承(我)
(I felt) greatly flattered by the invitation. 感到被奉承
(They) flattered her into singing. (他们)吹捧她让她唱歌
(He) always flatters me on (my cooking). (他)经常夸赞(我的厨艺)
(You) flatter yourself 自我夸耀
(以上汉英对应参照《现代汉语词典(汉英对照)》、《朗文当代英语高级词典(英汉双解)》、《牛津英语搭配辞典(英汉双解)》以及《英语搭配大辞典》)
从以上的汉英称赞类动词及动词短语语义成分分析可以看出,英汉“称赞类”动词有概念语义对应存在,但若对比附加语义,两者并没有绝对的语义等值词,汉语动词及动词短语在英语中鲜有一一对应,有时一个词对应一个短语或解释性句子。词本身的意蕴及内涵蕴含在词语组合的整体意义之中,这样就给该类动词及动词短语的习得造成了困难。
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