英语名词转化为动词是英语中一种活跃的构词法,这一语言现象不仅包括了词类范畴的转移,还存在一个意义的变化过程,有一些词条已经收入了英语词典,成为固定词汇。名词转化为动词有“一个基础和两个过程”即语法过程和语意过程:名词和动词分别都可以用来表示动作和物体,这是名动转化的语意基础;这两个过程执行着以语意功能对语法功能的补偿;陆国强则认为名词转化为动词是“赋予原名词以动作,由静态转为动态”。我们可以看出:当现有的动词或其他方式不能适当地表达一个动作意义时,人们就会采用一种词类加上零形式转化来实现自由表达的目的。动物名称转化为动词就是通过词性转换将一些动物名称转换为动词,以反映相应的动物所具备的某一动物特征的行为习惯。动物名称转化为动词后,除了增加原名词所没有的描述性和过程化动作意义,更主要的还在于它能激发读者记忆储存中该名词的动作意象,迅速触动读者的心理联想,达到名词转动所营造的独特的表达效果。(安晓杰,2008)
动物名词转换成动词时,把一种具有某一动物特征的行为形象地描绘出来。动词可以是及物动词,也可以是不及物动词。
鸭子(duck)有迅速俯身、快速低头、没入水中的动作,“duck”转化为动词后,其意义也是依据鸭子的行为而产生的:
duck:鸭子→躲避;突然低下(头、身子);将……按入(水中)。
She ducked her head to avoid being hit.她迅速低下头避免被击中。
The boys tried to duck each other in the swimming pool.男孩们设法将对方按入游泳池水中。
He ducked the reporters by sneaking out the back door.他回避记者,从后门溜出去了。
They all ducked behind the mound as they heard the explosion.他们一听到爆炸声就都蹲到土丘的后面去了。
猴子(monkey)喜欢模仿人的动作,举止调皮,因此“monkey”做动词也有类似的意思。
monkey(around/about/with)猴子→胡闹,捣蛋,鬼混。
The twins have been monkeying about in the attic again.那对双胞胎又在阁楼上胡闹了。
The boys were monkeying about in the playground, and one of them got hurt.那些男孩在游乐场胡闹,结果其中有一个受伤了。
He likes to monkey with old clocks and engines.他喜欢摆弄旧钟和引擎。
Stop monkeying with these tools! You little monkeys!别乱动那些工具!你们这些调皮的小孩!
狼进食时,是把食物撕碎吞咽,而不嚼碎。
wolf(down):狼→狼吞虎咽。
They had eaten standing up,wolfing the cold food from dirty tin plates.他们站着吃,把那些肮脏锡盆里的冷东西狼吞虎咽地吃完了。(www.xing528.com)
类似的词语还有:
The authorities’answer to the question crabbed(使扫兴)all the workers.当局对问题的回答令工人们不满。
He ratted(密告)on his comrades and even death would be too good for him.他出卖同志,枪毙了都算便宜他了。
He kept dogging(跟踪)my tracks all the way to London.他一路跟踪我到了伦敦。
He sharks for a living.他以诈骗为生。
He bulled into a job that he had never done before.那工作他以前就没有干过,就匆匆忙忙地找了这么个活儿。
What are you rabbiting on about?你在胡诌些什么?
Jane craned her neck to look for her husband in the crowd.珍妮伸长了脖子在人群里寻找她的丈夫。
我们一看到这个句子,马上就能联想到一只鹤伸长脖子四下张望的情景,这句话对珍妮当时急切想找到自己丈夫的神情的刻画可谓栩栩如生、惟妙惟肖。
The burglar moused about for valuables.盗贼鬼鬼祟祟四处搜寻值钱的东西。
He foxed his pursuers by taking another route.他向另一条路走去,骗过了跟踪者。
The soldiers ducked down behind a wall as the bullets began to fly.当子弹飞来时,战士们迅速低下头躲在一堵墙后面。
The train snailed up the steep grade.火车慢慢地爬上了陡坡。
She must have wormed it out of Bosinney, he might have known she would.她一定是从波辛尼那儿套出来的,他早就该意识到这一点了。
They had to pig together in an old hut during the wet night.在那个雨夜,他们不得不像猪一样挤在一间旧茅棚里过夜。
The earthquake swallowed up the whole city.地震吞没了整个城市。
The boy wolfed down the whole cake,while my back was turned.我刚转过身去,那个男孩就狼吞虎咽地把整个蛋糕给吃完了。
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