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教师领导力研究:理论基础与实践指南

时间:2023-11-27 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:卡曾迈耶和默勒强调指出:教师领导者需要开展个人评估活动。卡曾迈耶和默勒还进一步指出:教师领导力的开发集中在这些组成部分上,但过程不是线性的。除了卡曾迈耶和默勒的观点之外,哈里斯在《教师领导力与学校发展》一书中也总结指出:为了提升教师的领导力,学校需要从多个重要的层面去构建支持性的组织平台。

教师领导力研究:理论基础与实践指南

要把教师领导理念以及理论内容转化到教育实践的过程之中,就需要深入思考“教师领导力如何养成”,进一步探讨教师领导力在实践中的发展问题。因此,从教育实践的角度来看,教师领导力发展的问题尤为重要。明确了教师领导力的发展模式、思路与策略等,教师培训与发展机构就可以有针对性地开展教师培训,学校领导者在管理实践中,也可以有意识对培养教师的领导力。

近年来国外有一些学者探讨教师领导力发展,在理论界影响较大、有代表性的观点是卡曾迈耶(Katzenmeyer)和默勒(Moller)提出的四步骤模型。他们认为,一般教师发展为教师领导者的过程,可以通过一个四部分为中心的模型来解释(见下图)[39]

教师领导力开发模型示意图

第一,教师要反省自己的信念,在教育工作的场景中追问并回答“我是谁”的问题。卡曾迈耶和默勒强调指出:教师领导者需要开展个人评估活动。个人评估活动能帮助教师认识自己的价值观、个体行为、哲学观和专业关注等,这些都是专业表现的基础。明确了自己的想法之后,才能意识到同事可能有不同的观点。基于学生如何学习的不同假设,其他的教师往往会有不同的教学方式,而要想与他人成功合作,就需要包容彼此之间的差异,意识到这一点就能减轻教师领导者在与人合作中的挫折感。

第二,教师领导者必须理解学校里可预测的变革阶段。教师有时需要将对自己教室、年级或学科的见解,迁移到更广泛的领导角色理解之中。于是问题变为在教学情境中对“我在哪儿”这个问题的追问,这将有助于促进教师思考整个学校和社群中的发生的教育教学变革。

第三,教师需要发展领导技能。结合领导力角色的定位,教师要回答“我如何领导”的问题,明确作为教师领导者扮演日常角色需要的策略和技能。学习如何领导一个学习社群,倾听、使用数据,倾听他人的需要,等等,这些都是教师领导者的有用技能。

第四,教师领导者设计学校场景的行动计划。教师领导者必须决定“我能做什么”这是领导发展最重要的一环。如果教师领导者学到新的技能,而不在实践中运用,这些技能是无效的。为学生而改进学校是教师领导者使用领导技能的目的。就象其他的技能一样,领导技能是脆弱的;除非教师应用它们而获得反馈,通过运用它们发展能力。此外,校长与其他教师的支持与否也决定了教师领导者是否能够成功。一个不友好的环境会阻碍甚至遏制教师领导者的成长与发展。

卡曾迈耶和默勒还进一步指出:教师领导力的开发集中在这些组成部分上,但过程不是线性的。此外,教师领导力的开发的责任不仅仅局限在某个个体或群体中,还涉及到“谁来负责”的问题。

除了卡曾迈耶和默勒的观点之外,哈里斯在《教师领导力与学校发展》一书中也总结指出:为了提升教师的领导力,学校需要从多个重要的层面去构建支持性的组织平台。

第一,必须安排出一些时间让教师们相互合作,提高专业水平。校长要给予教师们充分的时间,让他们共同制订计划,相互之间形成良好的关系,并相互观摩各自的课堂教学。第二,给予教师领导者不断提升专业能力的机会,这是促进教师领导者成长的另一个重要方面。研究表明,要成为最有效的教师领导者,教师必须不断地提高自身的教学技能、参与学校决策的制定和指导其他教师的专业发展。更重要的是,教师还要对自身的领导角色进行明确的定位。

第三个方面是用高超的人际沟通技巧武装他们。开展同事互助以提高教师们的教学水平是教师领导力所必备的技能。成为教师领导者的教师通常具备很高的合作能力,包括与其他教师进行合作和对自己的教学实践进行反思。

最后,开发教师领导力还需要得到一个必不可少的支持,即给担任领导任务的教师一定的激励。教师在承担领导角色的同时也潜在地给自己增加了很多工作量,如果这些付出没有得到足够的补偿,就可能会造成他们的不满。[40]

在述评国外文献过程中,我们发现:教师领导力的成果是相对薄弱的。在现代领导学研究领域,有很多关于领导力发展的研究成果,完全可以迁移到教育场域之中,加以改进与完善之后,发展出独特的教师领导力发展理念、模式、思路与策略等。今后教育学界十分有必要关注这方面的课题,开展更为深入的研究。

【注释】

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