(一)益生菌
益生菌治疗IBS具有有效性和安全性,在改善总体症状方面明显优于安慰剂。双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、链球菌及益生菌合剂在改善腹痛、腹胀方面有积极作用,几乎无副作用。研究表明益生菌治疗持续8~10周可明显减轻腹痛及其他IBS症状。
几种益生元属于不易消化的碳水化合物,如果糖、乳糖、低聚糖(即低聚果糖FOS和低聚半乳糖GOS)、多元醇(如山梨糖醇),合称为FODMAPs(fermentable-oligosaccharides-disaccharidesmonosaccharides-polyols,低发酵、低聚糖、二糖、单糖和多元醇饮食)。此外,长链多不饱和脂肪酸也被认为是益生元。乳果糖和小麦纤维素在IBS-C中具有较好的疗效,但可能会使肠道产气增多,增加疼痛频率及其他症状。高FODMAPs饮食会增加IBS患者的腹痛、腹胀和肠胀气,因此限制FODMAPs摄入,即低FODMAPs饮食对IBS患者很有必要。常见的高FODMAP食物有:①蔬菜,芦笋、洋葱、韭菜、大蒜、豆类、豌豆、大白菜、芹菜、甜玉米。②水果,苹果、芒果、西瓜、油桃、李子、梨、开心果。③乳制品,牛奶、酸奶、奶油、冰激凌。④谷物、小麦、小麦面食、豆类。
(三)合生元
益生菌的安全性是它们在肠道内短寿命并且需要不断增殖以保持相对恒定水平。在肠道内维持益生菌水平相对恒定的一个策略就是益生菌菌株和益生元的混合使用,即所谓的合生元疗法。将益生菌及相应的益生元制作为合剂以提高两者的作用效率。现有研究表明在治疗IBS方面,合生元较单用益生菌或益生元有优势,但由于所发表的研究质量欠佳,因此尚没有使用合生元治疗IBS的建议。
(四)抗生素
肠道微生物群组成改变是IBS发病机制之一,因此抗生素治疗改变菌群构成可以作为治疗手段之一。第一个研究治疗IBS的抗生素是新霉素,它可以使全球范围内IBS患者症状改善50%,但也诱导了快速的细菌耐药性。其他广谱抗生素如四环素、阿莫西林克拉维酸盐、甲硝唑、诺氟沙星等均可以抑制肠道细菌过度增殖,但极易耐药,并且由于可以吸收入血,因此全身副作用较多,不推荐IBS患者使用。利福昔明不被肠道吸收,仅在肠道内起作用,副作用小,但仅明显缓解不到50%的IBS患者症状,并且缺少IBS-C的研究。在利福昔明治疗IBS-D患者的3期研究中,重复治疗是有效且较少发生耐药的。口服利福昔明550 mg,每日3次,2周疗程可明显改善IBS-D患者的生活质量。
(五)粪菌移植
粪菌移植(FMT)是针对一些疾病提出的一种策略,包括复发性艰难梭菌感染(CDI)、慢性便秘、IBD、复发性代谢综合征、多发性硬化症、孤独症和慢性疲劳综合征。在治疗艰难梭菌感染的研究中发现,和口服胶囊治疗相比,通过结肠镜或灌肠治疗的成功率更高,可达90%左右。在一项关于粪菌移植治疗IBS的研究中有70%的患者实现了症状的改善或消失。对于IBS患者来说,FMT是安全的,并且相对有效。研究显示富含双歧杆菌的粪便供体可能提高粪菌移植的成功率。但最近一项共纳入六个会议摘要、一个病例报告及其他的研究在最后的分析中显示,58%的病例症状有所改善,但目前关于粪菌移植治疗肠易激综合征的数据仍然不足,且研究质量也不高,仍需要大量随机双盲研究证实粪菌移植治疗IBS的有效性。粪菌移植工作组最近公布了FMT供体选择标准和筛选试验的指南。
(戴 菲 秦 斌)
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