倒金字塔结构,是消息写作中最常用的一种结构方式。它以事实的重要性程度或受众关心程度依次递减的次序,先主后次地安排消息中各项事实内容,犹如倒置的金字塔,因而得名。它多用于事件性新闻之中。
“倒金字塔结构”是1860年代在美国的新闻界所树立起来的新闻形式,其目的是为了排除党派性以及意见等主观性要素。是以事实为中心的客观性新闻主义逐步占据主流地位的过程之中逐步得到完善的。其基本的原理是将判断为最重要的事实展示于最初的位置,而次重要的内容依次递减的顺序而排列的方式。
这种方式是新闻写作的最基本的、最具有代表性的结构。其长处主要有两点:一是,读者可以很容易地得知新闻最重要的、最核心的事项是什么。二是,在编辑的过程之中,新闻的后半部分即使被编辑删掉,也不会对全文造成多大影响,有利于编辑工作的进行。
以“倒金字塔结构”为中心,新闻的构成要素分为样式和内容两部分进行考察,将题目、导语以及正文的相互关系弄清,那么新闻写作所需要的最基本的能力也就具备了。也就是说,只有掌握了基本的“倒金字塔结构”的写作,才能以此为基础进行多样化的叙述体新闻的创作。
案例赏析
Assassination of President Lincoln
This evening at about 9:30 p.m.at Ford’s Theatre,the President,while sitting in his private box with Mrs.Lincoln,Mrs.Harris and Major Rathburn,was shot by an assassin,who suddenly entered the box and approached behind the President.
The assassin then leaped upon the stage,brandishing a large dagger or knife,and made his escape in the rear of the theatre.
The pistol ball entered the back of the President’s head and penetrated nearly through the head.The wound is mortal.(www.xing528.com)
The President has been insensible ever since it was inflicted,and is now dying.
About the same hour an assassin,whether the same or not,entered Mr.Seward’s apartment and under pretense of having a prescription was shown to the Secretary’s sick chamber.The assassin immediately rushed to the bed and inflicted two or three stabs on the chest and two on the face.It is hoped the wounds may not be mortal.My apprehension is that they will prove fatal.
The nurse alarmed Mr.Frederick Seward,who was in an adjoining rented room,and he hastened to the door of his father’s room,when he met the assassin,who inflicted upon him one or more dangerous wounds.The recovery of Frederick Seward is doubtful.
It is not probable that the President will live through the night.
General Grant and his wife were advertised to be at the theatre...
— New York Herald,April 15,1865
(这是纽约先驱报1864年的一篇电报报道。报道了林肯总统在剧院遇刺的消息。这篇报道是按照倒金字塔式的书写结构进行创作的。第一段包含着“5W+1H”,即符合金字塔结构的“六何”原则。所以,第一段提到了谁、何时、何地、为什么、什么和如何。随着本文的继续,介绍了不太重要的细节。一位具有金字塔结构意识的记者或编辑会在前两句话中增加两个细节:一是枪击头部,二是预计会被证明是致命的。关于格兰特夫妇的过渡性句子表明,不太重要的事实正在被添加到故事的其余部分。)
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