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中国日常文化:文化与休闲

时间:2023-10-10 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:“黄金周”假日旅游的收入,约占全年旅游总收入的四分之一。

中国日常文化:文化与休闲

文化与休闲是人们生活的重要组成部分。它不仅是人们生活方式生活态度的表现,还是一个国家生产力水平高低的标志,更是衡量社会文明的尺度。改革开放以来,随着中国经济和社会的飞速发展,文化与休闲产业的发展势头也超乎人的想象。与此同时,中国的一些传统休闲娱乐方式也以一种新的方式呈现出新的生机。

Culture and leisure are an important part of people's life. They are not only a manifestation of people's life style and attitude, but also symbolic of a country's productivity and, perhaps even more so, a measure of its civilization as a society. Since the adoption of the reform and opening-up policy in 1978, the momentum of China's culture and leisure industry has grown unimaginably, alongside the rapid development of China's economy and society. At the same time, some of China's traditional forms of leisure and recreation are showing signs of new vitality.

20世纪80年代以前,中国人吃饱穿暖都还是问题,根本就谈不上旅游度假。如今,随着人们生活水平的提高和生活观念的转变,旅游度假成为新时尚。双休日去市郊或附近的景点旅游,法定节假日国内、国外旅游,已经成为人们娱乐休闲的主要方式之一。

Before the 1980s, people in China were still more concerned with meeting basic needs such as food and clothing, than thinking about going on vacation. Today, with major improvements in living standards, and shifting attitudes, going on vacation has become a new trend. Both weekend trips to the suburbs or nearby tourist spots and longer getaways at home or abroad on public holidays are now one of the popular forms of leisure and relaxation for many in China.

大多数中国人选择的旅游目的地是国内,这跟人们的消费能力和消费水平有一定关系。但是不少消费能力不高,同时渴望了解世界的年轻人常常会选择用“穷游”的方式出国旅游。特别值得一提的是,随着中国经济的发展和人们生活水平的提高,中国的总体旅游人数在逐年增加,旅游目的地的范围也不断扩大。

The majority of Chinese people choose to vacation in China, which is related to people's consumption ability and consumption level. However, many young people that want to get out and see the world often still choose to travel abroad on a shoestring budget. It is notable that, with the continuing growth of the Chinese economy and improving living standards, the total number of tourists in China is increasing each year, as is the number of places designated as tourist destinations.

中国人一年当中有两个重要的旅游时间:春节国庆节。这两个节日法定假期是3天,经国家统一调整,节日前后的两个周末连同法定假期3天集中休假,这样人们可以享有连续7天的假期,被称为“黄金周”。“黄金周”是大多数中国人外出旅游的时间,也是商业消费的集中时段。“黄金周”假日旅游的收入,约占全年旅游总收入的四分之一。

Chinese people now have two important holidays in a year: the Spring Festival and the National Day. Both of these public holidays are officially three days long, but with the weekends on either side, and the government's adjustment of the working week, they combine to form a 7-day vacation, known in China as “the Golden Week”.This is the time frame in which most of the Chinese tourists choose to travel. It is also a period in which the majority of commercial spending on tourism occurs, accounting for around a quarter of the total annual revenue for the tourism industry!

旅游“黄金周”登长城 Climbing the Great Wall During “the Golden Week” of Tourism

随着人们生活水平的提高,出境旅游的中国人越来越多。1998年中国出境旅游人数为843万人次,到2017年已高达13,051万人次。[1]中国已成为全世界出境游人数最多的国家。在出境游人数不断增加的同时,中国人出境游的目的地国家和地区也在不断增多。

With people's living standards continuing to rise, more and more Chinese people are choosing outbound travel for a vacation. In 1998, 8.43 million people went on an outbound travel vacation, while in 2017 this figure was up to 130.51 million. China has become the country with the largest number of outbound tourists in the world.With the increasing number of outbound tourists, the number of destinations visited by Chinese tourists is also increasing.

参加体育活动能达到健身和预防疾病的目的,这已成为许多中国人的共识。老年人一般早起去公园活动活动、打打太极拳,中年人和青年人喜欢下班后到健身房进行锻炼,儿童则会参加各种体育培训班。大多数中国人认为,体育活动是一种休闲活动,而不是一种竞技活动。对他们来说,身心放松比取得竞赛成绩更加重要。然而,中国人平均每天的锻炼时间还未达到世界卫生组织建议的水平,不同年龄层的锻炼时间呈现U字形,[2]青年人和年龄较长者平均每天锻炼的时间明显高于中年人,中年人每天锻炼者比例仅占四成。[3]

中国人参与比较多的体育活动有登山、游泳、健步走、骑自行车,以及一些球类运动(如乒乓球羽毛球排球篮球足球等)。除了上述活动,城镇居民参与较多的还有一些比较时尚的体育活动,如广场舞、体育舞蹈健美操网球、轮滑、保龄球等。

广场舞 Square Dance

Taking part in physical activities can help keep fit and prevent disease, which has become a consensus of the Chinese. In general, older people get up early and go to the park to exercise, practicing taijiquan (shadow boxing), for example. Middle-aged and young people prefer going to a gym after work. Children tend to attend various sports training classes. Most Chinese people tend to see sports as a recreational activity rather than a competitive one. It seems to them that physical and mental relaxation is more important than competition results. However, the average time spent on exercising per day in China is less than that recommended by the World Health Organization, which varies significantly by age. The length of time spent on sports and exercise by different ages forming a U-shaped graph. Young people and older people spend markedly more time engaging in physical activities than the middle-aged, with only 40 percent of middle-aged people doing exercise everyday.

Some of the common physical activities Chinese take part in include mountain-climbing, swimming, fast walking, cycling and some ball games (e.g. table tennis,badminton, volleyball, basketball, football, etc.). As well, some common yet fairly fashionable physical activities that city people like include square dance, sports dance,calisthenics, tennis, roller-skating and bowling.

赛龙舟又称龙舟竞渡,传说最初是为了纪念战国时期楚国忠臣屈原。屈原被听信谗言的楚国国王流放之后,眼看国家一天天衰败下去,满怀悲愤,在农历五月初五这一天投江自尽。人们听到屈原投江的消息后,都拼命划船前去寻找他,后来就演变成五月初五赛龙舟的风俗。如今,赛龙舟已成为民间一项盛大的体育活动。

It is said that dragon boat racing was initiated for commemorating Qu Yuan, a loyal courtier of the Chu State in the Warring States Period. Qu Yuan was exiled by the King of the Chu State, who lent a ready ear to people slandering Qu Yuan. Seeing the Chu State falling into decline, Qu Yuan, full of grief and indignation, jumped into a river and drowned himself on the fifth day of the fifth month of the Chinese lunar calendar.On hearing the news, people rowed to rescue him with all their might. Over time, the custom of dragon boat racing evolved to commemorate the death of Qu Yuan on this day each year. Today, dragon boat racing has become a popular physical activity.

赛龙舟 Dragon Boat Racing

在中国,太极拳是深受人们喜爱的一种传统拳术。太极拳动作柔和缓慢,既可以强身健体,又能够怡情养性,适合不同年龄、不同体质人群的需求,尤其受到老年人和不适合剧烈运动的人的喜爱。在中国各地,到处都可以看到太极拳习练者的身影。2006年,太极拳被列入中国首批国家非物质文化遗产名录,成为东方文化的一种象征。太极拳文化也传播到了世界各地,成为促进东西方文化交流的重要桥梁和纽带。

Taijiquan (shadow boxing, or tai chi) is one of the traditional martial arts favored by people in China. Its slow, gentle movements not only increase physical health and strength, but also bring greater inner peace and tranquility, making it an ideal exercise for people of all ages and physical conditions.Old people and those who are not fit for strenuous exercise are especially fond of it.You can see people practicing taijiquan everywhere in China. In 2006, it was included on the first list of Chinese Intangible Cultural Heritage and became one of the symbols of oriental culture. Taijiquan culture has spread to all parts of the world and has become an important bridge and tie between the East and the West, boosting cultural communication between the two.

打太极拳 Practicing Taijiquan

在中国,踢毽子也是常见的民间体育活动,深受各年龄层人们的喜爱。毽子踢法多种多样,既可以一个人踢,也可以几个人一起踢;既可以比次数,也可以比连踢的时间,还可以比踢的花样。踢毽子多在冬春进行,不仅可以锻炼身体,而且有助于提高人的敏捷性。

In China, kicking the shuttlecock is also a common folk sport, popular with children and older people alike. There are various ways of playing it. It can be played alone or with several people. The goal is to kick the shuttlecock as many times as possible without it touching the ground or to keep it off the ground for as long as possible. It not only improves the player's fitness, but agility as well.

踢毽子的老人 An Old Lady Kicking the Shuttlecock

在当今社会,文化与休闲已经紧密结合在一起。随着收入的增长和消费的升级,人们对文化娱乐的需求越来越大,文化娱乐支出也快速增长。文化娱乐活动的种类也随之越来越丰富。

In today's society, culture and entertainment are closely linked. As incomes rise,people's need for culture and entertainment is also on the rise, and expenditure in these areas is increasing rapidly. As a result, there is a burgeoning array of entertainment activities on offer to meet consumers' needs.

中国图书、报纸、期刊等传统出版业一直以来都有很大的市场。据统计,2018年,中国共出版图书519,250种,期刊10,139种,报纸1,871种。[4](www.xing528.com)

The traditional publishing industry—books, newspapers and journals—has always been a big market in China. According to statistics, 519,250 different books, 10,139 different journals and 1,871 different newspapers were published in China in 2018.

中国的电影业曾一度受到电视的冲击,失去了许多观众,但近些年来市场逐渐回暖。2002年,中国影院票房总收入只有8亿元左右,2017年,电影票房总收入达559.11亿元,[5]15年内增长近70倍,而且有不断上升的趋势。票房总量的不断提升和高速增长显示出中国电影产业的飞速发展。

In the past, the Chinese movie industry suffered from falling audiences as a result of the impact of the television, but in recent years it has begun to make a spectacular recovery. In 2002, the Chinese box office grossed just around 800 million yuan,but by 2017, box office receipts had reached 55.911 billion yuan, nearly a seventyfold increase in just fifteen years. This booming growth is a reflection of the rapid development of the Chinese movie industry.

电视基本上已经成为中国家庭文化生活的中心。中国拥有300多家电视台,中国电视业拥有世界上最大的电视网。2018年底,电视节目综合人口覆盖率达99.25%,[6]而在1990年,这一数字仅为79.4%。

Put simply, the television is the center of Chinese families' cultural life. With more than 300 TV stations, the Chinese television industry boasts the largest TV network in the world. At the end of 2018, the TV coverage rate of the population was 99.25%,while in 1990, this figure was only 79.4%.

足球起源于中国。在中国古代,足球被称为“蹴鞠”,意思是“用脚踢球”。在唐宋时期,“蹴鞠”活动就已十分流行,可以说是世界上最早出现的足球运动。

Football (soccer) originated in China. In ancient China, football was called cuju, which means kicking the ball with feet. This game was already very popular during the Tang and Song dynasties, and might be thought of as the earliest football game in the world.

宋太祖蹴鞠图 Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty Playing Cuju 

围棋起源于中国,是中国“琴棋书画”四艺之一,比象棋出现的时间更早,距今有4,000多年。后来围棋传到日韩和欧美各国,现已成为国际性的棋类项目。

围棋 Weiqi

Originating in China, the game “go” is considered one of the traditional “four arts”, along with playing the qin (a musical instrument), calligraphy and watercolor painting. It came into being more than 4,000 years ago, earlier than the Chinese chess. Later, it spread to Japan, South Korea and European and American countries. Now, it has become an international chess game.

中国有句俗话:“十亿人民九亿麻,还有一亿在观察”,说的是喜欢打麻将的中国人很多。麻将现已成为一种老少皆宜的棋牌游戏,而且由于地区差异,麻将的玩法也各有不同。2017年4月,国际智力运动联盟宣布,麻将继桥牌国际象棋、围棋、象棋和国际跳棋之后,正式成为第六个世界智力运动项目。

麻将 Mahjong

There is a saying in China, “Out of 1 billion people, 900 million are playing mahjong, and the other 100 million are watching.” This is a clear indication that a large number of Chinese like playing mahjong. It has become a game for both the old and the young. The rules for playing it vary in different areas. In April 2017, mahjong was named formally as a sixth international mind sport by the International Mind Sports Association, after bridge, chess, weiqi (go), Chinese chess and draughts.

词汇NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

[1]谢双玉、胡静等,《2017中国旅游业发展报告》,中国旅游出版社,2017年,第2页。

Xie Shuangyu, Hu Jing, et al, China's Tourism Development Report in 2017, China Travel & Tourism Press, 2017, p.2.

[2]国家卫生计生委家庭司,《中国家庭发展报告2015》,中国人口出版社,2015年,第47页。

Department of Family Planning and Development, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China Family Development Report 2015, China Population Publishing House, 2015, p.47.

[3]国家卫生计生委家庭司,《中国家庭发展报告2015》,中国人口出版社,2015年,第64页。

Department of Family Planning and Development, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China Family Development Report 2015, China Population Publishing House, 2015, p.64.

[4]中华人民共和国国家统计局,《中国统计年鉴2019》,中国统计出版社,2019年,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexch.htm。

National Bureau of Statistics of China, China Statistical Abstract 2019, China Statistics Press, 2019. http:// www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexch.htm.

[5]华民,2002~2017年中国电影银幕数量及增速统计,(2018-02-01)[2018-08-24],http://www. 360doc.com/content/18/0201/12/502486_726911724. shtml。

Hua Min, Statistics on the Number and Growth Rate of Chinese Film Screens Between 2002 and 2017, (201802-01) [2018-08-24], http://www. 360doc. com/content/18/0201/12/502486_726911724. shtml.

[6]中华人民共和国国家统计局,《中国统计年鉴2019》,中国统计出版社,2019年,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexch.htm。

National Bureau of Statistics of China, China Statistical Abstract 2019, China Statistics Press, 2019. http:// www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexch.htm.

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