中国人口众多，劳动力人口（15—64岁）在总人口中所占的比重也很大。2018年的统计数字显示，劳动力人口在总人口中所占的比重达到71.2%，人数约9.9亿。[1]由于劳动力人口庞大，就业问题也是中国社会一个十分重要的问题。
China has a very large population, and the workforce (people aged between 15 and 64) accounts for a significant proportion of the population as a whole. According to statistics for 2018, the workforce accounted for 71.2% of the total population, and the number was about 990 million. As a result, employment is a very important issue in Chinese society.
2018年底，全国城镇和农村就业人数达到77,586万人，其中城镇就业人数43,419万人。[2]
就业结构方面，近年发展趋势是：第一产业从业人员所占比重逐渐下降，第二产业从业人员所占比重基本稳定，第三产业从业人员所占比重逐渐增加。下表显示1990年、2002年和2018年三大产业从业人员所占比重：[3]
（计算结果四舍五入至小数点后一位 The calculation result is rounded to one decimal place）
At the end of 2018, the number of urban and rural employment in the country reached 775.86 million, of which 434.19 million were employed in urban areas.
In terms of employment sectors, the development trend in recent years is that the proportion of workers employed in the primary industry has gradually declined,the proportion of those working in the secondary industry has been basically stable,while the proportion of those employed in the tertiary industry has gradually increased. The table above shows the proportion of workers employed in the three major industries in 1990, 2002 and 2018.
2018年底，中国城镇登记失业人员974万人，城镇登记失业率3.8%。自20世纪90年代开始，城镇登记失业率逐渐上升，从1992年的2.3%到2003年的4.3%，随后一直稳定在4%到4.3%之间，失业问题也成为人们比较关注的问题之一。下表显示近20年的失业率：[4]
At the end of 2018, there were 9.74 million urban registered unemployed people in China, and the urban registered unemployment rate was 3.8%. After the 1990s, it gradually increased, from 2.3% in 1992 to 4.3% in 2003. Since then, it has remained between 4% and 4.3%. This makes unemployment one of the problems that draw lots of attention. The table above shows the unemployment rate in the past twenty years.
20世纪初，中国工矿企业工人的每日工作时间为12—14小时，有的甚至达到16小时。中华人民共和国成立后，实行每日8小时工作制。1994年，《中华人民共和国劳动法》颁布，明确规定：“国家实行劳动者每日工作时间不超过8小时、平均每周工作时间不超过44小时的工时制度。”《劳动法》还规定：“用人单位应当保证劳动者每周至少休息一日。”实际上，中国大多数用人单位实行“双休日”制度，即每周休息两日，每周工作时间40小时。
如果日工作时间超过8小时，超出的时间称为“加班”。一般每日“加班”不得超过1小时，最多不能超过3小时。“加班”要另外支付工资报酬，而且不能低于正常工作时间工资的150%。
At the beginning of the 20th century, Chinese workers in factories and mines worked 12-14 hours a day, and some even 16 hours a day. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the eight-hour-shift system was established. The Labor Law enacted in 1994 states that, “The State shall practice a working hour system under which laborers shall work for no more than eight hours a day and no more than 44 hours a week on average.” It also states that, “The employing unit shall guarantee that its staff and workers have at least one day off in a week.” In fact, the majority of the employers in China practice a five-day working week, i.e. there are two days off and the working time is 40 hours in a week.
If the working time is over eight hours a day, it is called jiaban (to work overtime). In general, overtime should only be around an hour, or at most three hours in one day. Any work done in overtime should be paid at an overtime rate of no less than 150% of the normal rate.
根据国家规定，元旦、春节、清明节、国际劳动节、端午节、中秋节和国庆节为法定节假日，是劳动者休假的日子。
According to China's regulations, New Year's Day, the Spring Festival, the Tomb Sweeping Day, the International Labor Day (May Day), the Dragon Boat Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival and the National Day are statutory holidays for anyone in employment.
《劳动法》规定：“劳动者连续工作一年以上的，享受带薪年休假。”《职工带薪年休假条例》规定：职工累计工作已满1年不满10年的，年休假5天；已满10年不满20年的，年休假10天；已满20年的，年休假15天。法定节假日、休息日不计入年休假的假期。
The Labor Law states that, “Employees who have been working for one year or more,shall be entitled to annual vacation with pay.” The Regulations of Paid Annual Leave of Employees, promulgated by the State Council, states that, “Where an employee has been in employment for one full year but less than 10 years accumulatively, he/she is entitled to five days of annual leave. If he/she has been in employment for 10 full years but less than 20 years, then the annual leave will be a duration of 10 days. If he/she has been in employment for 20 full years, then the annual leave duration will be extended to 15 days. The statutory holidays and rest days of China may not be included in the annual leave.”
中国现行的法定退休年龄为男性60岁，女工人50岁，女干部55岁。这是1978年颁布的中国相关法律法规规定的。有人大代表提议延后退休年龄，但到目前为止，在这方面尚没有新的法律法规出台。(www.xing528.com)
The current rules governing retirement ages in China were set in law in 1978. The retirement age for men is 60, while for women it is 50 for manual workers and 55 for officials. Recently, some deputies of the National People's Congress proposed that the mandatory retirement age be raised. However, no changes have been made to current regulations as yet.
“铁饭碗”指非常稳定的工作。中国改革开放以前，在事业单位或在国有企业工作的人员，不管工作做得怎么样，都可以领取固定工资，没有被辞退的危险。
An iron rice bowl refers to a secure job. Before China's policy of reform and opening-up was adopted, no matter how well they did their job,employees in state-owned or collectively-owned enterprises were paid a fixed salary and they were at no risk of being dismissed from employment.
农民工指离开农村到城镇工作的农民。据统计，2017年全国农民工总数28,652万人。[5]农民工较多从事建筑等体力劳动行业，他们的工作条件一般不怎么好，往往劳动时间长，劳动强度大，环境卫生较差。农民工对城市的发展起了重要作用。
Migrant workers refer to the farmers who leave the countryside and work in urban areas. According to statistics, in 2017 the number of migrant workers was 286.52 million across the whole country. Most of them do manual labor in the construction industry and so on. Their working conditions are often unsatisfactory: long working hours, high labor intensity and poor sanitation.However, they have played a vital role in urban development.
农民工 Migrant Workers
词汇NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS
[1]中华人民共和国国家统计局，《中国统计摘要2019》，中国统计出版社，2019年，第19页。
National Bureau of Statistics of China, China Statistical Abstract 2019, China Statistics Press, 2019, p.19.
[2]中华人民共和国国家统计局，《中国统计摘要2019》，中国统计出版社，2019年，第36页。
National Bureau of Statistics of China, China Statistical Abstract 2019, China Statistics Press, 2019, p.36.
[3]中华人民共和国国家统计局，《中国统计摘要2019》，中国统计出版社，2019年，第36页。
National Bureau of Statistics of China, China Statistical Abstract 2019, China Statistics Press, 2019, p.36.
[4]中华人民共和国国家统计局，《中国统计摘要2019》，中国统计出版社，2019年，第37页。
National Bureau of Statistics of China, China Statistical Abstract 2019, China Statistics Press, 2019, p.37.
[5]中华人民共和国国家统计局，中华人民共和国2017年国民经济和社会发展统计公报，（2018-02-28）[2018-03-20]，http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201802/t20180228_1585631.html。
National Bureau of Statistics of China, Statistical Communique of the People's Republic of China on the 2017 National Economic and Social Development, (2018-02-28) [2018-03-20], http://www. stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201802/t20180228_1585631.html.
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