中国的教育主要包括学前教育、初等教育、中等教育、高等教育等阶段。中国从1986年起，开始实行九年义务教育（小学六年、初中三年）。经过30多年的努力，已经取得了很大的成绩。据统计，到2018年，小学学龄儿童净入学率近100%，初中毛入学率达到100.9%。[1]
Education in China mainly consists of preschool education, primary education,secondary education and higher education. The nine-year compulsory education policy(six years for primary school and three years for junior middle school) was started in 1986. After over 30 years of hard work, great achievements have been made. According to statistics, in 2018, the net enrollment rate of primary school-age children was nearly 100%, and the gross enrollment rate of junior middle schools reached 100.9%.
中国的学制跟国际上流行的学制基本相同，一般情况如下：
小学：六年（入学年龄：6—7岁）。
中学：六年（其中初中三年，高中三年）。
大学：本科四年，专科两至三年。
The lengths of schooling in China are basically identical to those in other parts of the world, i.e.
Primary school: six years (starting school age: 6-7)
Middle school: six years (three years for junior students and three years for senior students)
College or university: bachelor's degree education (4-year program), specialist education (2- to 3-year program)
幼儿园教育并不属于义务教育的范围，但由于中国的“双职工”家庭（即夫妻都有工作的家庭）很多，所以，中国城镇的小孩子一般都会上幼儿园。随着生活水平的提高和人们对幼儿教育的重视，现在农村的小孩子大多也会上幼儿园。
Kindergarten education does not fall within the scope of compulsory education.However, because there are a large proportion of families in which both parents work,urban children generally attend kindergarten. As living standards are improving and people put more value on children's education, most rural children attend kindergarten as well.
幼儿园 Kindergarten
在中国，孩子上幼儿园的年龄一般是3周岁。幼儿园一般按孩子的年龄分小班（3—4岁）、中班（4—5岁）和大班（5—6岁）三级。孩子们在幼儿园学习唱歌、画画、数数、认字，更重要的是学习生活自理以及过集体生活。幼儿园一般是全日制，从上午八点到下午五点。孩子们中午在幼儿园里吃饭和午睡。
In China, children generally start kindergarten when they are three years old.The kindergarten is divided into three grades: nursery for 3- to 4-year-olds, lower kindergarten for 4- to 5-year-olds and upper kindergarten for 5- to 6-year-olds. The educational approach is based on singing, drawing, counting, reading, as well as self-care and social interaction. In general, kindergartens offer full-time education,i.e. from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. The children have lunch and an afternoon nap at the kindergarten.
中国的孩子一般6—7周岁入小学。2018年，全国共有小学161,811所，在校生10,339.3万人。[2]
小学生在学校学习六年。学习的科目有语文、数学、英语、科学、道德与法治、音乐、美术、体育等。小学一节课一般40分钟，课间休息10分钟。
Chinese children start school generally at the age of 6 or 7. In 2018, there were altogether 161,811 primary schools with an enrollment of 103.393 million pupils.
The length of primary schooling is six years. The range of subjects offered includes Chinese, math, English, science, morality and rule of law, music, art, and physical education. Class periods in primary school usually last 40 minutes each, with a 10-minute break in between.
中国的中学分两个阶段：初中和高中，学制一般都是三年。2018年，全国共有初中学校51,982所，在校生4,652.6万人。[3]
初中的三年分别称为初一、初二、初三（也称七年级、八年级、九年级）。学习的科目有语文、数学、英语、政治、历史、地理、物理、化学、生物、音乐、美术、信息技术、体育等。
初中毕业时，学生需要参加中考，中考成绩决定学生是否可以升入高中以及升入哪所高中。学生希望考取较好的成绩来升入理想的高中。
Chinese middle schooling is divided into two phases: junior middle school and senior middle school, with students spending three years at each. In 2018, there were altogether 51,982 junior middle schools, with an enrollment of 46.526 million students.
There are three grades known as Grade One, Grade Two and Grade Three in junior middle school (also called Grade Seven, Grade Eight and Grade Nine with the sequence of primary school). The range of subjects includes Chinese,math, English, politics, history, geography, physics, chemistry, biology, music, art,information technology, and physical education.
When they finish junior middle school, the students need to take the senior middle school entrance examination. From there, their scores decide whether they can enter a senior middle school and as well, which particular school they can be accepted into.Because of this, everyone hopes to get a high score to enroll in his/her ideal senior middle school.
中国的高中阶段教育，主要包括普通高中和中等职业教育。2018年，全国共有普通高中和中等职业教育学校24,077所，在校生3,927.2万人。[4]
普通高中的三年分别称为高一、高二、高三，学习的科目跟初中差不多。
据调查，2015年15—17岁青少年在学率为82.8%（农村为72.4%，城镇为93.9%）。[5]
Senior middle school education in China mainly includes general middle school and secondary vocational education. In 2018, there were 24,077 general middle schools and secondary vocational education schools nationwide, with 39.272 million students.
There are three grades—Grade One, Grade Two and Grade Three—in the senior middle school, which offers subjects similar to those offered in the junior middle school.
According to a survey, the student retention rate of adolescents aged 15 to 17 was 82.8% in 2015 (72.4% in rural areas and 93.9% in urban areas).
中国的高中毕业生需要参加一个全国统一的高等学校入学考试，达到一定的分数线后，才能进入大学读书。这个大学入学考试，就是著名的“高考”。
对于学生来说，语文、数学、英语三科是必考科目，另外还要考一门文科综合（通常是政治、历史、地理）或理科综合（通常是物理、化学、生物）的科目。由于各省份的教育水平不一样，所以各省份的考试题目和录取分数线也不完全一样。
In order to be awarded a place to study at college or university, Chinese senior middle school graduates need to take the national college entrance exam, commonly known in China as the gaokao. Students' admission into higher education is dependent on their performance in this test.(www.xing528.com)
Chinese, math and English are the three subjects required for the test. Liberal arts students have to take a comprehensive liberal arts test and science/engineering students a comprehensive science test. Due to the different levels of education in the provinces and regions, the examination questions and admission scores of the provinces and regions vary.
大学教育分本科和专科两种。本科学制一般为四年，专科学制两至三年。截至2018年，中国共有普通高等学校2,663所，本、专科在校生2,831.0万人。[6]
大学的四年分别称为大一、大二、大三、大四。
研究生教育在中国也非常普遍，包括硕士和博士两个阶段。硕士生学制两至三年，博士生学制一般为三至四年。
Higher education is divided into bachelor's degree education (usu. 4-year program) and specialist education (2- to 3-year program). In 2018, there were altogether 2,663 general higher education institutions, with 28.310 million enrollments in total.
The four grades of undergraduate education are called freshman year, sophomore year, junior year and senior year respectively.
Postgraduate education, including the master's level and doctoral level, is also common in China. The master's degree programs last two to three years and the doctoral degree programs generally last three to four years.
中国的大学生一般都住在学校的学生宿舍里，缴纳一定的住宿费。学校开设学生食堂，饭菜一般比较便宜。由于学生几乎都住校，所以校园通常很大，除了教学楼，还有比较大的生活区。大学校园，可以说是一个小社会。
大学生需要缴纳学费，不同的专业学费会有所不同，公办学校每年的学费从几千元到一万元不等。家庭比较贫困的学生，可以向学校申请助学金。学校还设有奖学金制度，鼓励学生努力学习。
In general, Chinese college students live in college dormitories, for which an accommodation fee is charged. On campus, there are students' canteens, where food is provided at a low price. Almost all students live on campus, which is usually very large. There are fairly large living quarters besides teaching buildings. Therefore, the college campus is, as it were, a small society.
Today, college students have to pay tuition fees. Different amounts of tuition are charged for different majors. The annual tuition for public universities varies from several thousand yuan to ten thousand yuan. Students from poor families can apply for student subsidies. Fellowships and scholarships are available to encourage students to study hard.
上海·同济大学图书馆 Shanghai·The Library of Tongji University
中国学校的一学年一般分为两个学期，每年的九月至次年一月为上学期，三月（或从二月中下旬开始）到七月初为下学期。
In China, an academic year is divided into two semesters. The first semester starts in September and ends in January next year. The second semester starts in March (or mid-to-late February) and ends in early July.
中国学校的假期实行双假期制：每年有寒暑假两个大假，冬季一次，夏季一次。至于寒暑假的长短，国家没有统一规定，一般来说，每年一二月份放寒假，为期四至六周；七八月份放暑假，为期六至七周。
There are two long vacations a year, one in winter and one in summer.There are no national regulations on the length of the vacations. In general,the winter vacation runs from a day in January to a day in February and lasts four to six weeks; the summer vacation runs from a day in July to a day in August and lasts six to seven weeks.
从2001年起，中国高考取消了年龄必须在25岁以下和未婚的条件限制。这意味着任何年龄的人都可以报名参加高考。
There used to be a requirement that the candidates for the gaokao(College Entrance Examination) be under the age of 25 and remain single.This restriction was lifted in 2001, which means people at any age can take this examination.
词汇NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS
[1]中华人民共和国国家统计局，《中国统计摘要2019》，中国统计出版社，2019年，第179页。
注：此处的入学率是指毛入学率，即该级教育在校学生总数与政府规定的该级学龄人口总数之比。
National Bureau of Statistics of China, China Statistical Abstract 2019, China Statistics Press, 2019, p.179.
Note: Here, the enrollment rate refers to the gross enrollment rate, that is, the ratio of the total number of students in schools at that level to the total number of school-age population stipulated by the government.
[2]中华人民共和国国家统计局，《中国统计摘要2019》，中国统计出版社，2019年，第173页，第176页。
National Bureau of Statistics of China, China Statistical Abstract 2019, China Statistics Press, 2019, p.173, 176.
[3]中华人民共和国国家统计局，《中国统计摘要2019》，中国统计出版社，2019年，第173页，第176页。
National Bureau of Statistics of China, China Statistical Abstract 2019, China Statistics Press, 2019, p.173, 176.
[4]中华人民共和国国家统计局，《中国统计摘要2019》，中国统计出版社，2019年，第176页。
National Bureau of Statistics of China, China Statistical Abstract 2019, China Statistics Press, 2019, p.176.
[5]国家卫生计生委家庭司，《中国家庭发展报告2015》，中国人口出版社，2015年，第79页。
Department of Family Planning and Development, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China Family Development Report 2015, China Population Publishing House, 2015, p.79.
[6]中华人民共和国国家统计局，《中国统计摘要2019》，中国统计出版社，2019年，第173页，第176页。
National Bureau of Statistics of China, China Statistical Abstract 2019, China Statistics Press, 2019, p.173, 176.
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