中国的货币是人民币，以“元”为基本单位。“元”以下的单位是“角”和“分”（1元=10角，1角=10分）。现在在用的人民币纸币的面额有1角、5角、1元、5元、10元、20元、50元、100元，硬币有1角、5角、1元。在日常生活中，人们也经常把“元”称作“块”，把“角”称作“毛”。比如，“十八元五角”，口语中通常说成“十八块五毛”或“十八块五”。
The Chinese currency is called the renminbi, with yuan as the basic unit, which is subdivided into jiao and fen (1 yuan=10 jiao, 1 jiao=10 fen). The denominations of the current renminbi banknotes are: 1 jiao, 5 jiao, 1 yuan, 5 yuan, 10 yuan, 20 yuan, 50 yuan and 100 yuan; the coins: 1 jiao, 5 jiao and 1 yuan. In daily life, people often refer to yuan as kuai, jiao as mao. For instance, “eighteen yuan and five jiao” is often said as “eighteen kuai and five mao” or “eighteen kuai and five”.
2018年，中国城镇居民人均可支配收入39,250.8元，比2017年增长7.84%。同期，中国农村居民人均可支配收入14,617.0元，比2017年增长8.82%。[1]值得注意的是，这里所说的收入，不单纯是工资收入，还包括财产性收入（房租、股息等）和转移性收入（如退休金、社会救济金等）。
The average disposable income of Chinese urban residents in 2018 was 39,250.8 yuan, an increase of 7.84% over 2017. In the same year, the average disposable income of Chinese rural residents was 14,617.0 yuan, an increase of 8.82% over 2017. It is worth noting that the income we refer to does not only mean salary. It also includes property income (rent, dividend, etc.) and transfer income (pension, social security benefits, etc.).
中国于1980年颁布了《中华人民共和国个人所得税法》，标志着中国个人所得税制度正式建立。根据现行的个人所得税规定，月工资收入（包括奖金）在5,000元以下的免交个人所得税。月工资收入超过5,000元的，在扣除了养老保险费、医疗保险费、失业保险费等项目以后，超过5,000元的部分按3%至45%七个等级的累进税率交纳个人所得税。从2019年1月1日起，计算个人所得税时，在扣除基本减除费用标准和“三险一金”等专项扣除外，还增加了专项附加扣除项目。个人所得税专项附加扣除包括子女教育、继续教育、大病医疗、住房贷款利息或者住房租金、赡养老人等支出。
The Individual Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China issued in 1980 marked the formal establishment of China's income tax system for individuals.According to current rules, the threshold at which income tax is paid is 5,000 yuan(monthly income, including bonuses). Any income in excess of this threshold is progressively taxed based on seven tax grades between 3% and 45%. Income is taxed after the deduction of a number of premiums, including pension insurance, medical insurance and unemployment insurance. From January 1, 2019, some special expenses have been added to the list of expenses which are considered tax-deductible when income tax is calculated (in addition to basic deductibles and special deductibles such as the “three insurances and one fund”). These include expenses relating to children's education, further education expenses, medical expenses for serious illness, interest on housing loans or rent, and care expenses for the elderly.
食品烟酒支出仍是中国人日常开支中最大的支出，2018年，城镇居民人均食品烟酒支出占总消费支出的27.72%，农村居民为30.07%。但是，食品烟酒支出所占的比重在逐年下降。在食品烟酒之后，支出比重较大的依次为住房、交通、通信、教育文化娱乐。[2]另外，随着生活水平的提高，人们对身体健康越来越重视，用于保健方面的支出增长很快。还值得一提的是，人们在文化、教育、娱乐和旅游方面的支出每年都在增长。
上海·南京路步行街 Shanghai·Promenade on Nanjing Road
Food, tobacco and alcohol still make up the majority of daily expenditure in China.In 2018, the average expenditure per person (for urban citizens) on food, tobacco and alcohol accounted for 27.72% of total consumption expenditure, while that of rural residents accounted for 30.07%. However, the proportion of food, tobacco and alcohol expenditure is declining year by year. After it, the other major expenditures are housing, transportation,communications, education, culture and entertainment in descending order. In addition,with the improvement of living standards, people pay more and more attention to physical health, and expenditure on health care has increased rapidly. It is also worth mentioning that people's expenditure on culture, education, entertainment and tourism is increasing every year.
近年来，由于居民收入增长较快，居民购买力大大增强，消费支出也全面增加。2018年，中国城镇居民人均消费支出为26,112.3元，比2017年增长6.82%。同期，中国农村居民人均消费支出12,124.3元，比2017年增长10.68%。[3]
In recent years, with the rapid increase of personal income, consumer purchasing power and expenditure have also increased significantly. In 2018, the average consumer expenditure of Chinese urban residents was 26,112.3 yuan, an increase of 6.82% over 2017. In the same year, the average expenditure of Chinese rural residents was 12,124.3 yuan, an increase of 10.68% over 2017.
超市购物 Shopping in a Supermarket
尽管中国人人均收入在增加，人均购买力大为增强，但不容忽视的是，收入的差距很大，而且有进一步扩大的趋势。首先，城乡差距还比较大，这在前面的数字中已经显示出来。其次，高收入群体和低收入群体之间的收入差距在扩大。统计数据显示，20%的最高收入家庭的年均收入和20%的最低收入家庭的年均收入相比，2000年是3.61∶1，2015年上升到约19∶1。[4]
Despite Chinese people's increasing per capita income and purchasing power, we cannot ignore the fact that the income gap is large, and looks to widen even further based on the current trend. Firstly, the income gap between urban and rural areas is significant, as shown in the previous statistics. Secondly, the gap between the high-income group and the low-income group is growing. Statistics show that, in 2015, the average annual income of the highest-earning 20% of families was about 19 times higher than that of the lowest-earning, while in 2000 it was only 3.61 times higher.
人民币的缩写是 RMB，货币代码为 CNY，货币符号是¥。例如：555元5角5分，可以写成¥555.55。(www.xing528.com)
The abbreviation of renminbi is RMB, the ISO code for renminbi is CNY and its currency symbol is ¥. For example, 555 yuan 5 jiao and five fen can be written as ¥555.55.
现在流通的人民币主要是1999年开始发行的第五套人民币，正面是毛泽东同志的头像。1980年版的第四套人民币上的头像，除了50元和100元面值的，都是各民族人物的形象，50元钞票上的是工人、农民、知识分子头像，100元钞票上的是毛泽东、周恩来、刘少奇、朱德四位领袖人物的侧面浮雕像。
The renminbi in circulation at present is mainly the fifth series of renminbi issued in 1999. The likeness on the front of the banknotes is Chairman Mao Zedong's image. The pictures on the banknotes in the fourth series of renminbi, issued in 1980, are of people from different Chinese ethnic groups, except for the pictures on the 50 yuan and 100 yuan notes. The 50 yuan note features an industrial worker, a farmer and an intellectual; the 100 yuan note features a profile embossment of four late great leaders: Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi and Zhu De.
在中国，一般没有付小费的习惯，因为购买产品或服务的价格里面已经包含了给服务人员的服务费用。不过有些餐厅会要求顾客付10%—15%的服务费，但这种收费必须列在账单上，提前告知顾客。
In China, it is not customary to tip, because tips are included in the prices of products or services. Nowadays, however, some restaurants charge customers a service fee of 10% to 15%, which is listed on the bill. Customers have to be informed of this charge in advance.
词汇NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS
[1]中华人民共和国国家统计局，《中国统计摘要2019》，中国统计出版社，2019年，第54页。
National Bureau of Statistics of China, China Statistical Abstract 2019, China Statistics Press, 2019, p.54.
[2]中华人民共和国国家统计局，《中国统计摘要2019》，中国统计出版社，2019年，第55页。
National Bureau of Statistics of China, China Statistical Abstract 2019, China Statistics Press, 2019, p.55.
[3]中华人民共和国国家统计局，《中国统计摘要2019》，中国统计出版社，2019年，第55页。
National Bureau of Statistics of China, China Statistical Abstract 2019, China Statistics Press, 2019, p.55 .
[4]国家卫生计生委家庭司，《中国家庭发展报告2015》，中国人口出版社，2015年，第24页。
Department of Family Planning and Development, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China Family Development Report 2015, China Population Publishing House, 2015, p.24.
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