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矿物气溶胶对铵盐气溶胶形成的影响-新论

时间:2023-09-24 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:铵盐也是二次污染气溶胶的最重要的组分之一。图60-5也显示了TSP和PM 2.5中矿物气溶胶与铵盐的季节变化。这是因为有较高浓度的SO 2、NO 2和矿物气溶胶,再加上较低的温度,有助于铵盐的形成。与硝酸盐非常类似,铵盐在沙尘暴期间明显地随矿物气溶胶浓度的增加而减少;沙尘暴高峰过后,铵盐又随着矿物气溶胶浓度的减少而减少,说明铵盐主要来自当地污染源。

矿物气溶胶对铵盐气溶胶形成的影响-新论

铵盐也是二次污染气溶胶的最重要的组分之一。铵盐主要是以(NH 42 SO 4和NH 4 NO 3的形式,存在于对流层[28]。图60-5显示 了 北 京2001—2003年TSP和PM 2.5中铵盐浓度的季节变化,这里NH 4+代表(NH 42 SO 4和NH 4 NO 3。冬季和夏季铵盐的浓度高于秋季、春季和沙尘暴期间。冬季铵盐的浓度在TSP和PM 2.5中分别为22.9和12.8μg·m-3;夏季则为17.1和7.6μg·m-3,均高于秋季(9.1和6.6μg·m-3)、春季(5.5和5.3μg·m-3)和沙尘暴期间(1.6和1.5μg·m-3)。此外,铵盐在PM 2.5和TSP中的质量浓度比值(PM 2.5/TSP)约为60%,说明铵盐较多存在于细粒子中。图60-5也显示了TSP和PM 2.5中矿物气溶胶与铵盐的季节变化。铵盐的季节变化与矿物气溶胶有些相似之处,它们在TSP和PM 2.5中的相关系数分别为0.62和0.87(P<0.01),说明矿物气溶胶和铵盐之间存在着正相关性。2003年春季和秋季,铵盐的浓度直接随着矿物气溶胶浓度的增加而增加,表现出很好的正相关性。气态NH 3与大气中的酸性气体H 2 SO 4和HNO3或矿物气溶胶表面的H 2 SO 4/HNO 3发生反应,随后冷凝在矿物气溶胶表面,形成(NH 42 SO 4和NH 4 NO 3。铵盐的形成不仅和它的前体物NH 3、SO 2和NO 2的浓度以及气象因素有关,还与矿物气溶胶的浓度有关。2002年夏季铵盐的浓度较高,且随着矿物气溶胶浓度的增加而增加,表现出好的正相关性。这是因为夏季NH 3和NO 2浓度较高,相对湿度较高,温度也较高,且风速低,有利于铵盐的形成。但是,温度越高,NH 4 NO 3越易分解,因此夏季铵盐的浓度低于冬季。2001年冬季,尽管大气中NH 3表现出较低的浓度[29,30],但是铵盐的浓度仍然较高,且随矿物气溶胶浓度的增加而增加。这是因为有较高浓度的SO 2、NO 2和矿物气溶胶,再加上较低的温度,有助于铵盐的形成。2002年沙尘暴期间,由于它的前体物NH 3、SO 2和NO 2浓度最低,再加上非常不利的气象条件、最强的风速、最低的相对湿度,使得铵盐不易形成,故铵盐的浓度与其他季节相比是最低的,在TSP和PM 2.5中分别为1.6和1.5μg·m-3。即便在沙尘暴期间,PM 2.5中铵盐占TSP中铵盐的95%,说明铵盐绝大部分存在于细粒子中。与硝酸盐非常类似,铵盐在沙尘暴期间明显地随矿物气溶胶浓度的增加而减少;沙尘暴高峰过后,铵盐又随着矿物气溶胶浓度的减少而减少,说明铵盐主要来自当地污染源。

图60-5 TSP和PM 2.5中矿物气溶胶浓度与铵盐浓度的季节变化(彩图见下载文件包,网址见14页脚注

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