富集系数(EF)可用于粗略判断某种化学组分的来源。图59-3展示了以Al作为参比元素,若干元素的富集系数值。由图59-3可见,DS2(4月17日)中元素Fe、Mg、Ca、Na的富集系数在TSP中均降低,且接近于1,表明其主要来自矿物源,18日其EF值稍微有所升高,表明其与污染气溶胶存在有混合过程[12]。在DS1中,这些矿物元素在TSP中日均浓度最高的4月10日,还显示了较高的EF值(Ca元素的EF值甚至达到4.0),表明这些元素除地壳源外也有污染源,也说明了DS1偏重为“污染暴”,而DS2则偏重为“沙尘”暴。污染元素As、Zn、Cu、Cd和Pb在TSP中的EF,在DS1(4月10日)期间分别为81、178、10、171、198,相对于非沙尘暴时期的均值34、27、5、90、52有所升高;而在沙尘暴DS2(4月17日)期间则有所降低,EF分别为31、15、3、48、24。类似的结果也出现在PM 2.5中。As、Zn、Cu、Cd和Pb的EF在沙尘暴DS1(4月10日)中分别为506、2 873、186、1 766、1 368,相对于非沙尘暴时期均值125、97、21、358、181有显著升高;而在沙尘暴DS2(4月17日)中,则分别降低为76、44、6、87、57。富集系数EF在沙尘暴和非沙尘暴期间的变化,清晰地说明了DS1的“污染暴”特性和DS2来自沙尘源“通常沙尘暴”的特性。同时,DS1期间富集系数的变化,明显展示了沙尘气溶胶与污染气溶胶的混合过程。
图59-3 采样期间各种元素在PM 2.5和TSP中富集系数的变化(彩图见图版第44页,也见下载文件包,网址见正文14页脚注)
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【注释】
[1]℉表示华氏温度,为非法定计量单位。摄氏度=(华氏度-32)÷1.8。mph表示英里每小时,也是非法定计量单位。1 km·h-1=0.621 4 mph。
[2]NaP:naphthalene(萘);Acy:acenaphthylene(苊 烯);Ace:acenaphthene(苊);Flu:fluorene(芴);Phen:phenanthrene(菲);Anthr:anthracene(蒽);Fluor:fluoranthene(荧蒽);Pyr:pyrene(芘);Chry:chrysene(䓛);B[a]A:benzo(a)anthracene[苯并(a)蒽];B[b]F:benzo(b)fluoranthene[苯并(b)荧蒽];B[k]F:benzo(k)fluoranthene[苯并(k)荧蒽];B[a]P:benzo(a)pyrene[苯并(a)芘];DBA:dibenzo(ah)anthracene[二苯并(a,h)蒽];IND:indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene[茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘];B[ghi]P:benzo(ghi)perylene[苯并(g,h,i)苝]。
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