首页 理论教育 机动车增加引发大范围雾霾-《大气气溶胶和雾霾新论》调查结果

机动车增加引发大范围雾霾-《大气气溶胶和雾霾新论》调查结果

时间:2023-09-24 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:燃煤排放的SO2以及由其进一步氧化所形成的硫酸盐气溶胶,是工业污染产生雾霾的主要成因。近10年来,中国汽车数量呈指数上升的发展态势,其排放的污染物也急剧增加,已成为触发雾霾产生的另一个主要原因。显而易见,在同样的气象条件下,近年来频频发生的雾霾,与机动车排放污染物的急剧增加密切相关。换句话说,交通源的排放,在某种意义上成为近年来大范围同时发生雾霾的“触发”因素。

机动车增加引发大范围雾霾-《大气气溶胶和雾霾新论》调查结果

自从2013年元月中国东部发生了一场有史以来持续时间最长的严重雾霾至今,霾污染每年都光顾中国中东部的大多数城市。一般而论,大气中的污染物和适当的气象条件是产生雾霾的决定性因素。工业污染交通污染(主要是机动车排放的污染物)是人为污染的2类主要来源。燃煤排放的SO2以及由其进一步氧化所形成的硫酸气溶胶,是工业污染产生雾霾的主要成因。近10年来,中国汽车数量呈指数上升的发展态势,其排放的污染物也急剧增加(图46-6所示),已成为触发雾霾产生的另一个主要原因。在前几章的论述中已经指出,导致能见度减少和发生雾霾的大气污染物,主要有以下4类组分:有机气溶胶、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、黑碳。机动车排放的有机烃,是有机气溶胶的主要来源;机动车排放的氮氧化物,是硝酸盐的主要来源;机动车所使用的柴油汽油的未完全燃烧所产生而排放的颗粒物,又是大气中黑碳的主要来源。由此可见,在导致能见度降低并进而产生雾霾的4类主要组分中,其中3类直接与机动车排放到大气中的污染物有关。在过去的10多年间,中国包括京津冀地区、长三角地区中东部广大地区的大气污染状况,总体上呈上升态势,甚至于自从2013年以来,大范围地同时发生雾霾。考察人为污染物的2类主要来源之一的燃煤,在过去10多年来,中国各地燃煤总量有所下降,加之燃煤脱硫取得了十分显著的成效,SO 2排放总量略有下降。基于各地的监测数据,各地大气中的SO2以及因之形成的硫酸盐浓度有减无增。这一结果表明,在过去的10多年,燃煤对产生雾霾天气的贡献并无增加。相对于工业污染源(主要是燃煤),交通源(主要是机动车排放)所产生的有机气溶胶、硝酸盐和黑碳等大气污染物,在过去的10多年间均是有增无减。显然,交通源对产生雾霾天气的相对贡献,在过去的10多年间是大大增加了。显而易见,在同样的气象条件下,近年来频频发生的雾霾,与机动车排放污染物的急剧增加密切相关。换句话说,交通源的排放,在某种意义上成为近年来大范围同时发生雾霾的“触发”因素。

图46-6 中国机动车数量的急剧增加(彩图见图版第33页,也见下载文件包,网址见正文14页脚注

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