图26-4为研究期间榆林发生沙尘事件采样天的72 h后向轨迹。可以看出,在发生沙尘事件情况下,影响榆林地区的沙尘气团是由北北西(NNW)[1]以及北北东(NNE)方向中程或长程传输而来。由榆林NNW方向传来的沙尘,主要来自中国西部和西北地区的沙漠以及内蒙古和蒙古西南部的戈壁滩;而由NNE方向传来的沙尘,则来自中国内蒙古中东部以及蒙古东部的戈壁。
图26-4 榆林发生沙尘事件采样天的72 h后向轨迹(离地面500 m气团)(彩图见下载文件包,网址见14页脚注)
以往研究[37-40]表明,大气颗粒物中的Ca、Mg、Fe、Ti元素与Al元素的质量浓度比值Ca/Al、Mg/Al、Fe/Al、Ti/Al,可以作为沙尘来源的指标。本研究期间,榆林TSP颗粒物中Ca/Al、Mg/Al、Fe/Al、Ti/Al比值随Al元素浓度的变化情况如图26-5所示。可以看出,Mg/Al、Fe/Al、Ti/Al比值在整个采样期间变化不大(包括沙尘时期与非沙尘时期),而Ca/Al比值则从非沙尘时期到沙尘时期,随着Al元素浓度的升高而显著下降。可见,外来沙尘的入侵可导致榆林大气颗粒物中的Ca/Al比值下降。由后向轨迹分析可知,影响榆林的外来沙尘主要来自NNW以及NNE方向的沙尘源区。中国黄土高原大部分区域位于榆林的90—225°方向,因此,当风向100%为90—225°时,榆林大气颗粒物中的矿物成分可代表来自黄土高原的沙尘颗粒物。比较以下几组采自不同角度主导风向的大气气溶胶样品中的Ca/Al比值(S:90—225°,NW:270—315°,N:315—22.5°,NE:22.5—67.5°),研究期间主导风向占全天所有风向的比例S/所有风向、NW/所有风向、N/所有风向、NE/所有风向与榆林颗粒物中Ca/Al比值的关系如图26-6所示。当以NW、N、NE为主导风向时,Ca/Al比值较低,而以S(90—225°)为主导风向时,Ca/Al比值较高。可见,黄土高原的沙尘颗粒物中的Ca/Al比值,与其他沙尘源区的沙尘有明显区别。
图26-5 榆林大气气溶胶中Ca/Al、Mg/Al、Fe/Al、Ti/Al比值与Al元素的关系(彩图见下载文件包,网址见14页脚注)
图26-6 研究期间榆林TSP颗粒物中Ca/Al比值与主导风向比值S/All、NW/All、N/All、EN/All(彩图见下载文件包,网址见14页脚注)
S:90—225°,NW:270—315°,N:315—22.5°,EN:22.5—67.5°,All:采样全天观测到的所有风向。
在本研究期间出现风向100%为90—225°的采样天有5天(2007年3月21日、4月4日、4月7日、4月14日以及2008年4月16日),因此可用这5天所采集的颗粒物样品,来估算黄土高原沙尘中的Ca/Al比值。这5天所采集的PM 2.5和TSP颗粒物中Ca/Al比值的平均值分别为1.26和1.28,与黄土高原尘土中的Ca/Al比值(1.22)[41]相近,因此可以认为,黄土高原PM 2.5和TSP沙尘中的Ca/Al比值分别为1.26和1.28。此外如图26-6所示,NNW方向传输而来的沙尘中,Ca/Al比值高于NNE传输而来的沙尘,根据本书第2章阐述的用元素比值判别沙尘源区的方法,可判断影响榆林的NNW、NNE外来沙尘,来自2个明显不同的沙尘源区。根据气象条件以及后向轨迹,2006年4月11日、4月12日、4月19日、4月23日、5月1日,2007年4月1日、4月15日的沙尘污染,是受NNE沙尘源的影响;而2006年4月1日、4月5日、4月17日、4月18日、4月25日、4月27日、4月28日、5月1日,2007年3月30日、3月31日、4月19日,2008年4月1日的沙尘污染,是受NNW沙尘源的影响。其中2006年4月11日期间100%风向为NNE源,因此可用这一天PM 2.5和TSP颗粒物中的Ca/Al比值0.61和0.50,来代表NNW源沙尘中的Ca/Al比值。这一结果与位于内蒙古浑善达克沙地(NNE源)的多伦站点,在非沙尘时期大气颗粒物中的Ca/Al比值(PM 2.5和TSP颗粒物中的Ca/Al比值分别为0.61和0.47)相近,可见NNE源PM 2.5和TSP沙尘颗粒物中的Ca/Al比值,可分别估计为0.61和0.50。同样,2006年4月6日榆林PM 2.5和TSP颗粒物中的Ca/Al比值0.78和0.84(与甘肃敦煌的沙尘Ca/Al比值0.94相近[17])可代表NNW源沙尘中的Ca/Al比值。综合以上分析,中国黄土高原沙尘、NNE源沙尘、NNW源沙尘中的Ca/Al比值,分别为PM 2.5中1.26、0.61、0.78和TSP中1.28、0.50、0.84。进一步分析塔中站点(塔中位于榆林站点的西方,而离榆林较远)同步采集的颗粒物样品,发现PM 2.5和TSP颗粒物中的Ca/Al比值分别为1.65和1.67。对比几个源区沙尘中的Ca/Al比值可以看出,中国黄土高原沙尘中的Ca/Al比值,介于塔克拉玛干沙漠沙尘与内蒙古戈壁沙尘的比值之间,因此可以推断,中国黄土高原沙尘同时受塔克拉玛干沙尘与内蒙古戈壁沙尘的影响。
根据几个源区沙尘颗粒物中的Ca/Al比值,可以进一步估算沙尘期间本地沙尘(黄土高原沙尘)与外来沙尘对榆林沙尘气溶胶的相对贡献。计算公式如下:
m、n为本地和外来沙尘对榆林沙尘气溶胶的贡献比,(Ca/Al)本地沙尘为黄土高原沙尘中的Ca/Al比值,(Ca/Al)外来沙尘则是根据后向轨迹分别取NNE源沙尘、NNW源沙尘中的Ca/Al比值,计算结果如表26-3所示。根据估算结果,沙尘期间外来沙尘对榆林大气中的沙尘气溶胶有很大贡献,对PM 2.5颗粒物中矿物气溶胶的贡献量可达81%,而对TSP中矿物气溶胶的贡献量基本上都高于65%(范围为16%~100%)。
表26-3 沙尘期间榆林大气气溶胶中的Ca/Al比值及外来沙尘对沙尘气溶胶的贡献(%)
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【注释】
[1]参见160页脚注。
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