首页 理论教育 大气污染对环境的影响-《大气气溶胶和雾霾新论》

大气污染对环境的影响-《大气气溶胶和雾霾新论》

时间:2026-01-26 理论教育 小可爱 版权反馈
【摘要】:中国城市的大气污染分布,是各城市的局地排放源与气象条件等因素综合作用的结果。大气污染物的影响因子以及拟合公式的计算结果见表21-3。;②NO 2的影响因子为:指标=汽车拥有量×人口/。可见,它们与SO 2、NO 2和PM 10浓度呈显著的正相关。而湿度和日照时间代表这些一次污染物转化为二次污染物的多少,降雨量作为该地区污染气溶胶的稀释因素,它们与SO 2、NO 2和PM 10浓度呈显著的负相关。

中国城市的大气污染分布,是各城市的局地排放源与气象条件等因素综合作用的结果。基于各城市湿度和降雨量等气象条件、人口、面积和工业废物排放量等年均统计数据(来自1999年《国家统计年鉴》),采用简单的影响因子,分别拟合大气污染物PM 10、SO2和NO2在不同城市的浓度。大气污染物的影响因子以及拟合公式的计算结果见表21-3。①SO2的影响因子为:指标(index)=工业SO 2排放量/(湿度×降水量×日照时间×城市面积)。SO2的浓度与其影响因子成S形曲线关系,拟合公式为SO 2=e(4.05-0.02/指标[1],其p=0.002<0.01。(p<0.01意味着在α=0.01检验水平上);②NO 2的影响因子为:指标=汽车拥有量×人口/(湿度×降水量×日照时间×城市面积)。NO 2的浓度与其影响因子成直线关系,拟合公式为:NO2=36.8+1.82指标,其p=0.009<0.01。③PM 10的影响因子为:指标=(工业SO2排放量+工业烟尘+工业粉尘)×人口/(湿度×降水量×日照时间×城市面积)。PM 10的浓度与其影响因子成S形曲线关系,拟合公式为SO2=e(4.82-0.02/指标,其p=0.000<0.01。这里,工业SO 2排放量、工业烟尘和工业粉尘等,代表工业废物排放量,显示该城市的工业化程度;汽车拥有量代表机动车尾气排放量;人口代表居民采暖和烹饪生活污染物排放量。可见,它们与SO 2、NO 2和PM 10浓度呈显著的正相关。而湿度和日照时间代表这些一次污染物转化为二次污染物的多少,降雨量作为该地区污染气溶胶的稀释因素,它们与SO 2、NO 2和PM 10浓度呈显著的负相关。拟合公式的p值均小于0.01,可见,这些影响因子与实际污染物的浓度值符合得很好,正说明了局地排放源和气候条件等多种因素的综合作用,决定了中国城市大气污染的区域性分布。

表21-3 大气污染物的影响因子以及拟合公式

图示

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【注释】

[1]这里e为自然对数的底数2.718 28。

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