XPS在沙尘暴颗粒物表面检测到占总铁量近一半的Fe(Ⅱ)。HPLC在对2002年特大沙尘暴气溶胶的整体分析中,再次检测到绝对量分别高达2.5和0.7μg·m-3的Fe(Ⅱ),占总铁量的5.3%和1.3%。在2000年北京巨大沙尘暴的气溶胶中,Fe(Ⅱ)高达1.8~4.3μg·m-3,占1.4%~2.6%[13]。气溶胶从亚洲中部途经北京最后到达北太平洋的传输中,Fe(Ⅱ)占总铁的比例从在黄土样品中的不到1%,到海洋气溶胶样品中的大于50%[17,24]。如上所述,Fe(Ⅱ)很可能是沙尘中的Fe(Ⅲ)被大气中包括低价硫在内的各种还原剂所还原的产物,而低价硫则被氧化为硫酸盐。亚洲沙尘暴提供中国沿海以至北太平洋浮游生物所必需的Fe(Ⅱ)。海洋表层的浮游生物随Fe(Ⅱ)的增加而增加,导致浮游生物的排放物二甲基硫(DMS)增加。DMS的增加又导致海洋大气中S(Ⅳ)及硫酸盐气溶胶的增加,从而又导致海洋生物所必需的Fe(Ⅱ)增加。如此反复循环不已。硫酸盐气溶胶的大量增加,因其对太阳辐射的负强迫,将致使全球产生降温效应。特大沙尘暴气溶胶中Fe(Ⅱ)的发现及其与硫酸盐(SO 24-)浓度的正相关,再次提供了大气海洋物质交换中Fe-S耦合反馈机制的现场证据。大气和海洋中的这一Fe-S循环耦合反馈机制,可能直接影响了全球环境与气候的变化。
综上所述,本研究采用XPS技术对2002年北京特大沙尘暴颗粒物进行了表面元素的化学形态表征。颗粒物表面的Fe,主要以氧化物、硫酸盐、硅酸盐、FeOOH的形式存在,还有部分附着、黏附在SiO2、Al2 O3颗粒上。颗粒物表面的S主要以硫酸盐存在。Al、Si主要以Al2 O3、SiO2的形式存在。沙尘暴期间,颗粒物表面以Fe(Ⅱ)形式存在的FeS和FeSO 4高达44.3%和45.6%,沙尘暴颗粒物整体样品中的Fe(Ⅱ)占总铁的1.3%~5.3%。沙尘暴期间,颗粒物表面Fe(Ⅲ)由原来的Fe2(SO4)3变成Fe2(SO4)3(NH 4)2 SO4·24H 2 O,占48.0%。在沙尘暴传输过程中,颗粒物表面生成了(NH 4)2 SO4。污染物气溶胶与沙尘的混合,有利于沙尘暴颗粒物表面的气-固转化反应。上述数据提供了气溶胶传输中Fe-S耦合机制的重要证据,也进一步证实了沙尘暴对全球环境和气候变化之重要影响。
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