设北京地区矿物气溶胶本地源的百分含量为X,外来源的百分含量为Y。假设源区物质在形成矿物气溶胶进行长距离输送中,其成分保持不变,可得
式16-8中,(Mg/Al)气溶胶为北京气溶胶中的Mg/Al值,(Mg/Al)本地和(Mg/Al)外来分别为北京地区矿物气溶胶本地源和外来源的Mg/Al值。联立式16-8和式16-9,可得
将图像法得出的Mg/Al值代入上式,即可得北京地区矿物气溶胶本地源和外来源的相对贡献量,其结果见表16-3。
2002年春季,在北京矿物气溶胶中,外来源约占70%。在3月20—22日沙尘暴期间,TSP中外来源的贡献最高达97%,PM 10和PM 2.5中外来源的贡献也分别高达79%和76%。春季沙尘暴席卷而来的大量沙尘,成为北京地区矿物气溶胶的主要来源,也成为北京大气颗粒物污染的主要贡献者。而在2003年春季,外来源的贡献量略高于50%,远小于2002年春季。2003年春季,由于降雨和降雪较多,不易起扬沙,北京出现了多年来罕见的无沙尘暴天气。而正是这种气候导致了外来源的贡献量减少,本地源的贡献量增加。冬季PM 10中外来源仍为主要贡献者,约为79%;而对于PM 2.5,外来源和本地源的贡献量基本相当,分别约为45%和55%。冬季由于大量的居民仍然使用煤炭等化石燃料取暖,会释放出大量的煤飞灰等细颗粒物,而这些细颗粒物在大气中会与其他物质进一步形成矿物气溶胶,从而导致PM 2.5中本地源的贡献量高于PM 10。在夏季,无论在PM 10还是PM 2.5中,本地源的贡献都远大于外来源,本地源约为80%,外来源约为20%。一般说来,冬春季气候干燥,地表裸露,再加上冷空气活动频繁,从而会带来大量的外地沙尘,导致北京地区外来源的贡献量增加;而在夏季,气候相对湿润,降雨量大,植被覆盖好,不易起扬沙,因而矿物气溶胶的浓度要小于冬春季,而且外来源的贡献量也会少于冬春季。
综上所述,Mg/Al比值是区分北京地区矿物气溶胶本地源与外来源的有效的示踪元素比值。通过图像分析法,可以得到矿物气溶胶中Mg/Al的值。矿物气溶胶是北京大气颗粒物的重要组成部分,占总颗粒物(TSP)的32%~67%,占细粒子(PM 2.5)的10%~70%。矿物气溶胶有强烈的季节变化。在春季沙尘暴期间,矿物气溶胶的浓度骤增,在TSP和PM 2.5中分别高达74%和90%。外来源在冬春季对北京矿物气溶胶的贡献要高于夏秋季。春季外来源占TSP的62%(38%~86%),占PM 10的69%(52%~90%),占PM 2.5的76%(59%~93%);冬季外来源占TSP的69%(52%~83%),占PM 10的79%(52%~93%),占PM 2.5的45%(7%~79%);而在夏季和秋季,外来源仅占大约20%。沙尘暴期间外来源贡献最高达97%,成为北京大气颗粒物的主要来源。
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