雅思口语考试常见语法知识全解

（一）必须掌握的语法

尽管单拿出来说，大部分考生对各个时态甚至可以做到如数家珍。但是面对题目的时候，如果不加思索、不针对具体题目进行分析，容易造成出口成错和时态混乱。下面是常见的雅思题目和一般情况下对应的时态：

Part 1：个人基本情况，家庭情况，朋友，住宿与交通，天气与气候，体育，音乐，休闲与娱乐习惯爱好，电影电视等媒体，学业与工作（当前），家乡情况，邻里关系，传统与节日，自然与环境，购物与旅游，服装，一般情况下都是用现在时；提及过去的情况时用过去时；设想将来的情况时用将来时；学业与工作（未来），理想，科学和技术的发展，一般用将来时；还有一种描述change 的题目，可能会涉及过去、现在和将来三种时态下情况的比较。

Part 2：描述一个人物，谈及外貌，日常习惯，爱好等通常是一般现在时；讲两人之间的故事一般是过去时；描述爱好和习惯，一般现在时为主；谈及养成的原因时，往往是过去时；描述建筑和景点，一般现在时为主；谈到当初的建设和过去的游览经历时是过去时；描述一个物品，一般现在时为主；提到当时买来或者受人馈赠等的情况时用过去时；描述旅行、聚会等经历时，一般过去时为主。

过去时作为雅思考试最常见的时态，这里重点讲几种常用表达。

（1）used to＋动词原形表示过去的习惯或者状态（现在已经不存在了），比如：I’m not the one you used to know, and you are just the one I used to love.我不再是你过去认识的那个人，而你仅仅是我过去爱过的人。

didn’t used to＋动词原型表示过去没有的习惯或者状态（现在可能有了），比如：I didn’t used to drink coffee, but now I’m addicted.我过去不习惯喝咖啡，但是现在已经上瘾了。

（2）would＋动词原形也可以表示过去的习惯或者状态，比如：We would say good night to each other many years ago.很多年前我们会互相说晚安（但是现在可能已经没有联系了）。

（3）过去完成时had＋动词过去分词表示在过去某个时间点已经完成的动作，比如：I had completed my round-the-world tour when I arrived Australia in 2012.我在到达澳大利亚的时候已经完成了环游世界之旅。

（二）建议掌握的句型

（1）表达观点时，同学们最容易脱口而出的就是I think…为了体现出语法的灵活性，并且营造与考官沟通的感觉，要避免某个句型重复太多次，以下几个句子可选用：In my view，可以升级为from my personal point of view；还有I would say/argue that…；I (do/strongly) believe that…；I’m convinced that…；As far as I’m concerned…；So far as I know…；I’m against/ in favour of …；I’m in doubt about…；I have to admit that…等。

另一方面，谈到或引用大众的观点时，可以用 be＋动词过去分词表示客观观点。比如：

a.It is (widely/generally) believed that＋句子；或者It is (often) argued that＋句子。可以替换believe 的动词还有很多，比如say, think, find, claim, prove 等。

b.X is considered (by many) to be.比如：Xi’an is considered by many local people to be the greatest city in the world.

以上两种表达的后面可以再跟and I hold the same belief 或者but I can’t go with it 来表示同意或者不同意大众的观点。

（2）表示猜测时（比如ideal/dream job），除了I bet 外最基本的应该用到would/should/ maybe/perhaps/must（或者＋not）等情态动词，比如：My ideal job would/must/should/may involve dealing with foreign affairs.There should/must be at least an individual office for me.以下还有几个句子可选用：It’s quite/very/＋(im) possible / (un) likely (that) 等。

（3）表示假设时，最基本的要掌握if 的几种用法：① If＋现在时，后面跟将来会出现的情况，比如：If I’m able to pass the IELTS test, I’ll apply to the Cambridge University for an offer.如果我能通过雅思考试，我就去申请剑桥大学的录取。② If＋过去时，后面跟现在会出现的情况，比如：If I was able to pass the IELTS test, I would get the offer to the Cambridge University now.如果我之前通过了雅思考试，我现在已经拿到剑桥的录取了。

if 偶尔放在主句后面可以增加语法灵活性。几乎所有的（条件，时间，地点等）状语从句都可前可后，以增加变化。

（4）表示强调时，基本的有两种：① It be X＋that/which/who/whom/whose/when/where 等引导的从句，比如：It was my father who taught me a lot in my childhood.本句强调了在童年教我很多的人不是别人，正是我的父亲，而正常句子是My father taught me a lot in my childhood.② What 从句＋be X，比如，What I really love is to study day and night.本句强调对夜以继日的学习是真爱，原句是I really love to study day and night.

（5）There be: There（可加助动词或情态动词）be 后面的名词是句子的主语，属倒装结构。疑问句形式是将be 或will/have/can/must 等助动词、情态动词提至there 之前，否定形式则直接在be 或助动词、情态动词后加not，当要表达“某个地方或某个时间存在什么事物或人”的时候常用“There be＋名词＋地点（时间）”这一句型。比如：

There are some sharks.

这有鲨鱼。

Excuse me.Is there a repair shop near here for MP3?

打搅了，附近有MP3 维修店吗？

There are lots of people there who can actually help you.

在那里，有许多人实际上可以帮助你。

There be 的“进阶”形式包括：把be 换成lie, stand, used to be, seem to be, appear to be等，如：

There lies a river to the south.

There lived an old man in the small house.

There stood a temple near the river.

There used to be a castle at the foot of the hill.

There came a scent of lime-blossom.

Once upon a time there lived a king in China.

（6）表示比较的句型：

a.形容词＋er 变比较级的规则这里不多讲了，在这里大家要清楚的是：be＋形容词比较级＋than 结构是可以被副词（much, a little, slightly 等）修饰的，这样会让谈话更生动，更像口语交流。比如：Speaking English in front of many people might be a little bit more embarrassing than talking one to one.这里要提一下的是a little bit 这种缺失后不影响句意也不会被强调的成分一般是要轻而快地说出来的。

b.The＋形容词比较级/句子，the＋形容词比较级/句子的结构。

比如：The more practice you make, the better your English would be.和 The sooner, the better.

c.（nearly / not）as＋形容词＋as，比如：

Her English is as good as mine.她的英语和我的一样好。

Her English is nearly as good as mine.她的英语几乎和我的一样好（可能还是比我差点）。

Her English is not as good as mine.她的英语不像我这么好（不如我）。

（7）表示将来：这里重点强调一下，be going to 结构通常指的是按照计划、约定行动或者预测将来会发生的事情，比如会议，搭乘交通工具，或者汇率变化，比如：I’m flying to Chongqing on 18th Jan.而will 比较主观，强调愿望，和之前的区别主要是will 不一定会实现，并且一般没有严格的时间点。比如I will marry you 这样的承诺也许诚意足而计划和行动不足，常用在一时冲动。

（三）由简到“繁”

说话人如果为了少犯错误或者想要省心省力，总是说些很简单的单句，看似省心，却也失去了与高分数的“亲密接触”。那么，怎么才能使我们的句子内容和结构又丰富又不失准确呢？

首先，大家应该从很简单但是语法正确的单句开始，逐渐过渡到丰富“华丽”的单句。比如“I study.”首先可以增加副词，变成“I study hard.”接着增加程度副词，强调非常用功，变成“I study very hard.”也可以加动作study 的对象成为“I study all my subjects very hard.”再加动作的频率变成“Each day, I study all my subjects very hard.”再加地点变成“Each day, I study all my subjects very hard in the library.”当然，给名词加形容词或者其他限定的结构也是一种润色的办法，比如“Each day, I study all my compulsory subjects (必修课) very hard in the newly built（新建的）library.”

考生最常见的语法错误是缺少主谓宾或者主系表里的重要成分，尤其是动词的缺失或者主被动、单复数或时态的问题。这里大家牢记：雅思（学术）里的句子一般结构都是完整的，尽管日常口语里常有缺少成分的现象；每句话（包括主句或从句）里只能有一个核心动词，出现第二个动词需要变ing 等形式表示状态，并列动词除外。

当然，在考试的时候，部分考生由于缺乏熟练度，往往做不到状语前置，这个时候可以在后面加上表示时间、地点、频率等的状语或者从句，使得语法结构更加拿分。

其次，单句变复杂结构的最简单办法就是两句之间根据逻辑关系加入相应的连接词。常用的有and, because/since, although, but 等。为了避免总是出现5 分水平的单句，常用的手段除了这种复合句外就是从句了。从句有很多种形式，这里推荐大家至少掌握以下两种常用也比较好用的从句——状语从句和定语从句。

a.状语从句。前文提到的if 引导的从句就是状语从句的代表，可以放在句首或者句尾，类似的还有unless, whether(whether...or not), as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that 等，比如：

We’ll start our project if the president agrees.

如果总统同意，我们将开始我们的项目。

You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.

只要你继续努力，你一定会成功的。

Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

如果没有人反对，我们就在这里开会。

when（在……时），as（当……时），while（在……期间），as soon as（一……就……），before（在……之前），after（在……之后），since（自从……以来），not...until（直到……才）until / till（直到……时）等引导的时间状语从句，比如：

I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.

直到我成为一个成年人我才意识到我的母亲是多么特殊。

While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.

当约翰看电视时，他的妻子正在做饭。

Where，Wherever 等引导的地点状语从句，比如：

Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.

一般来说，有工厂的地方空气污染就严重。

Wherever you go, you should work hard.

无论你去哪里，你都应该努力工作。

because, since, as 等引导的原因状语从句，比如：

My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.

我的朋友都不喜欢我，因为我又英俊又成功。

so that, in order that 等引导的目的状语从句，比如：

The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.

老板要求秘书快写函件以便他能在上面签字。

so … that, such … that 等引导的结果状语从句，比如：

He got up so early that he caught the first bus.

他很早起床以便赶上第一班公共汽车

It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.

这是一个好机会，千万不能错过它

though, although, even if, even though，while（一般用在句首），no matter…，in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however 等引导的让步状语从句，比如：

The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.(www.xing528.com)

老人都很喜欢游泳，即使天气很恶劣。

No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.

不论他如何努力，她都不会改变她的主意。

He won’t listen whatever you may say.

他不会听你说什么。

as（同级比较），than（不同程度的比较），the more… the more…；just as…，so…；A is to B what/as X is to Y; no… more than；等引导的比较状语从句，比如：

She is as bad-tempered as her mother.

她和她妈妈一样脾气很坏。

The house is three times as big as ours.

这房子是我们的三倍大。

The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.

你运动的越多，你就越健康。

Food is to men what oil is to machine.

食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。

as, as if, how, the way 等引导的方式状语从句，比如：

When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

入国问禁，入乡随俗。

She behaved as if she were the boss.

她表现得好像她是老板。

Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

有时，我们用父母教导我们的方式教导我们的孩子。

b.其他从句：还包括主语，表语，宾语，同位语从句等，这里不详细展开。

c.定语从句：一般放在被它所修饰的名（代）词之后。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词，在从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。比如：

引导定语从句的关联词who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why 和which 在非限制定语从句中，只可用which, who, whose, where, when。如果指代前面整个句子，多用which。比如：

The dog that/which was lost has been found.

失踪的狗已经找到了。

Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting.

有人认为那些对这个提案有兴趣的人最好是在会后再具体讨论它。

There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.

存在着许多旨在帮助无家可归者的组织。

The days when we had to rely on wool, cotton or silk for our clothes have now passed.

那种必须依赖羊毛、棉花或者蚕丝做衣服的日子已经过去了。

Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low.

空气从压强高的地方流向压强低的地方。

This is the reason why he refused to help us.

这就是他拒绝帮助我们的原因。

He was born in 1976, when an earthquake struck the country.

他出生于1976 年，这一年这个城镇发生了地震。

They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people, which enraged all of us.

他们对受苦者的漠视激怒了我们。

定语从句进阶：当引导定语从句的先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等词，或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时，或先行词为all, anything, nothing, something, everything时，从句的引导词只能用that。比如：

The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday.

孩子们唯一关心的是他们什么时候放假。

These are the very points that puzzle me.

真正困扰我的是这些观点。

Is there anything that bothers you?

有什么事烦着你吗？

This is the best film that was ever produced by the company.

这是那个公司有史以来拍摄得最好的电影。

as 可做引导词引导定语从句，多和such, the same 连用。as 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子，既可放在先行词后，也可放在句子开头。比如：

Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.

你描述的那一类人现在很少了。

The boy was run over by a motor-car,as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.

那个男孩被一辆摩托轧过去了，这种事在解放前的上海是很常见的。

As is often the case,the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.

正如往常一样，这个女孩又忘了带上字典。

We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.

我们是反对这种毫无事实根据的想法的。

介词＋which/whom/whose 从句

The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.

她就是从那个司机的房间偷了金表的。

Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.

语言就是人们用来和其他人交流的一种工具。

Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book,of which none of us had ever heard.

Jane 整整一晚上都在谈论着她最近的课本，那些内容我们闻所未闻。

代/名＋介词＋which 从句

He is needing a book,the name of which I don’t know.

他需要一本书，但是我不知道书名。

In factories and in our daily life,there are many waste materials,all of which can be turned into useful things under certain condition.

在工厂里，在我们的日常生活中都有很多垃圾，其实这些垃圾在某种情况下是可以转变为有用的东西的。

To make an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions,each of which has only one correct answer.

为了能够客观地测试，老师写了一串问题，每个问题都只有一个正确答案。

下面这两段，是之前大家在词汇部分见过的Part2 类型的话题，大家重点看加粗部分的语法结构

My favorite book connected with my job

As you may know, I’m working as a college lecturer locally.To become a qualified teacher in this competitive job market, I had read many books related to the knowledge and skills required in my field, both in English studies and educational theories and practice.Among all of them, I’d like to mention here is the book named A theory of Human Motivation by Doctor Maslow，which was published in 1941.

My choice seems strange because such topic turns not to be connected with my current job directly.So let me put it this way.To e ncourage my students to work harder, only by kno wing their pursuit and desire, could we carry out our duties and motivate them more effectively and efficiently.As you may be aware that the students nowadays are quite different from previous ones, who are less self-motivated so that we have to find ways to persuade or even push them to learn something during their campus days.Fortunately, this book has benefited me a lot in the psychological area, and many of my students graduated or not show great respect and appreciation to my efforts on motivation in their studies.In a word, being a lecturer, I believe I’m lucky enough to come across this book many years ago.