欧洲儿童权利法律指南

欧洲社会权利委员会由15名独立和公正的专家组成，他们通过集体申诉程序或国家报告程序^[53]来确保成员国的法律和实践与《欧洲社会宪章》相一致。特定的国家和国际组织可以对加入《欧洲社会宪章》并接受申诉程序的缔约国提出集体控诉。到目前为止，申诉的内容包括缔约国是否在经济剥削儿童，^[54]儿童的身体健康，^[55]移徙儿童的健康权利^[56]和残疾儿童受教育权^[57]等方面侵犯了《欧洲社会宪章》规定的儿童权利。

例如：国际法学家委员会诉葡萄牙^[58]案件中，尽管葡萄牙立法确认了《欧洲社会宪章》第7条第1款规定最低就业年龄为15岁，但该规定没有得到充分的执行。欧洲社会权利委员会认为《欧洲社会宪章》旨在实现不论在理论上，还是在实践上都能保护儿童权利，因此必须有效地实施相关立法。欧洲人权法院注意到在葡萄牙存在大量非法雇佣儿童的情形，这种情况违反了《欧洲社会宪章》第7条第1款的规定。

【注释】

[1]UN，General Assembly（1989），Convention on the Rights of the Child，20 November 1989.

[2]Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States amending Regulation（EEC）No.1612/68 and repealing Directives 64/221/EEC，68/360/EEC，72/194/EEC，73/148/EEC，75/34/EEC，75/35/EEC，90/364/EEC，90/365/EEC and 93/96/EEC，OJ L 158，30 April 2004 and OJ L 158，29 April 2004，Art.2（2）（c）.

[3]Directive 94/33/EC of 20 August 1994 on the protection of young people at work，OJ 1994 L 216，Art.3.

[4]Council of Europe，Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings，CETS No.197，15 May 2005.

[5]Council of Europe，Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse，CETS No.201，25 October 2007.

[6]ECtHR，Schwizgebel v.Switzerland，No.25762/07，10 June 2010.See also FRA and ECtHR（2010），p.102.

[7]See，for example，ECtHR，Marckx v.Belgium，No.6833/74，13 June 1979，（当法院作出判决时，作为申请人只有6岁）。

[8]ECtHR，Güveçv.Turkey，No.70337/01，20 January 2009；ECtHR，Çoşelav v.Turkey，No.1413/07，9 October 2012.

[9]ECSR，Defence for Children International（DCI）v.the Netherlands，No.47/2008，20 October 2009，para.25.

[10]例如，在第5章说明了欧盟家庭法律是如何规范跨境儿童诱拐的，根据1980年10月25日的《国际性非法诱拐儿童民事事项公约》（简称为《海牙儿童诱拐公约》）。

[11]For example，Directive 2009/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of18 June 2009 on the safety of toys，OJ 2009 L 170，其旨在强制执行儿童玩具的安全措施。

[12]For example ，Directive 2004/38/EC.

[13]EU（2012），Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union，OJ 2012 C 326.

[14]EU（2007），Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community，signed at Lisbon，OJ 2007 C 306，pp.1～271.

[15]See consolidated versions of European Communities（2012），Treaty on European Union（TEU）and Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union（TFEU），OJ 2012 C 326.

[16]Directive 2011/93/EU，OJ 2011 L 335，p.1.

[17]Directive 2011/36/EU，OJ 2011 L 101，p.1.

[18]Directive 2012/29/EU，OJ 2012 L 315，p.57.

[19]Council of the European Union（2007），EU Guidelines for the promotion and protection of the rights of the child，Brussels，10 December 2007.

[20]European Commission（2008），A special place for children in EU external action：Communication from the Commission to the Council，the European Parliament，the European Economic And Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions，COM（2008）55 final，Brussels，5 February 2008.

[21]European Commission（2011），An EU agenda for the rights of the child：Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament，the Council，the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions，COM（2011）0060 final，Brussels，15 February 2011.

[22]European Commission（2013），Investing in children：breaking the cycle of disadvantage，Recommendation 2013/112/EU，Brussels.

[23]Council of Europe，European Social Charter，CETS No.35，18 October 1961.

[24]Council of Europe，European Social Charter（revised），CETS No.163，3 May 1996.

[25]Council of Europe，European Convention on the Legal Status of Children born out of Wedlock，CETS No.85，15 October 1975.

[26]Council of Europe，Convention on the Adoption of Children（Revised），CETS No.202，27 November 2008.

[27]Council of Europe，Convention on Contact concerning Children，CETS No.192，15 May 2003.

[28]Council of Europe，European Convention on the Exercise of Children's Rights，CETS No.160，25 January 1996.(www.xing528.com)

[29]Council of Europe，Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse，CETS No.201，25 October 2007.

[30]For more information，see http：//www.coe.int/t/dg3/children/.

[31]Council of Europe，Committee of Minister（2011），Council of Europe Strategy for the Rights of the Child（2012～2015），CM（2011）171 final，15 February 2012.

[32]Ibid.

[33]Council of Europe，Committee of Ministers（2010），Guidelines on child friendly justice，17 November 2010.

[34]Council of Europe，Committee of Ministers（2011），Guidelines on child-friendly health care，21 September 2011.

[35]Council of Europe，Committee of Ministers（2009），Recommendation CM/Rec（2009）10 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on integrated national strategies for the protection of children from violence，18 November 2009.

[36]Council of Europe，Committee of Ministers（2011），Recommendation Rec（2011）12 on children's rights and social services friendly to children and families，16 November 2011.

[37]Council of Europe，Committee of Ministers（2012），Recommendation Rec（2012）2 on the participation of children and young people under the age of 18，28 March 2012.

[38]Council of Europe，Committee of Ministers（2011），Council of Europe Strategy for the Rights of the Child（2012～2015），CM（2011）171 final，15 February 2012.

[39]For example CJEU，C-4/73，J.Nold，Kohlen-und Baustoffgroβhandlung v.Commission of the European Communities，14 May 1974.

[40]European Commission（2011），An EU Agenda for the Rights of the Child，COM（2011）0060 final，Brussels.

[41]ECtHR，Harroudj v.France，No.43631/09，4 October 2012，para.42.

[42]ECSR，World Organisation against Torture（OMCT）v.Ireland，Complaint No.18/2003，7 December 2004，paras.61～63；ECSR，Defence for Children International（DCI）v.the Netherlands，Complaint No.47/2008，20 October 2009.

[43]Council of Europe，Committee of Ministers（2010），Guidelines on child friendly justice，17 November 2010.

[44]See UN，Committee on the Rights of the Child（2007），General Comment No.10（2007）：Children's rights in juvenile justice，CRC/c/GC/10，25 April 2007；UN，Committee on the Rights of the Child（2009），General Comment No.12（2009）：The right of the child to be heard，CRC/C/GC/12，1 July 2009；and UN，Committee on the Rights of the Child（2013），General Comment No.14（2013）on the right of the child to have his or her best interest taken as a primary consideration（art.3，para.1），CRC/C/GC/14，29 May 2013.

[45]唯一的例外是宣告无效的案件：CJEU，C-540/03，European Parliament v.Council of the European Union［GC］，27 June 2006.

[46]See CJEU，C-413/99，Baumbast and R v.Secretary of State for the Home Department，17 September 2002；CJEU，C-200/02，Kunqian Catherine Zhu and Man Lavette Chen v.Secretary of State forthe Home Department，19 October 2004；CJEU，C-148/02，Carlos Garcia Avello v.Belgian State，2 October 2003；CJEU，C-310/08，London Borough of Harrow v.Nimco Hassan Ibrahim and Secretary of State for the Home Department［GC］，23 February 2010；CJEU，C-480/08，Maria Teixerav.London Borough of Lambeth and Secretary of State for the Home Department，23 February 2010.这些案件将在第8章和第9章中再次讨论。

[47]CJEU，C-244/06，Dynamic Medien Vertriebs GmbH v.Avides Media AG，14 February 2008，paras.42 and 52.

[48]Ibid.，paras.49 and 50.

[49]CJEU，C-491/10 PPU，Joseba Andoni Aguirre Zarraga v.Simone Pelz，22 December 2010.Seefurther Chapter 5.

[50]CJEU，C-540/03，European Parliament v.Council of the European Union［GC］，27 June 2006.

[51]ECtHR，Maslov v.Austria［GC］，No.1638/0323，23 June 2008.

[52]Ibid.，para.83.

[53]For more information，see the ECSR website：www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/ECSR/ECSRdefault_en.asp.

[54]ESCR，International Commission of Jurists（ICJ）v.Portugal，Complaint No.1/1998，9 September 1999.

[55]ESCR，World Organisation Against Torture（OMCT）v.Greece，Complaint No.17/2003，7 December 2004.

[56]ESCR，Defence for Children International（DCI）v.Belgium，Complaint No.69/2011，23 October 2012.

[57]ECSR，Mental Disability Advocacy Center（MDAC）v.Bulgaria，Complaint No.41/2007，3 June 2008，para.35.

[58]ESCR，International Commission of Jurists（ICJ）v.Portugal，Complaint No.1/1998，9 September 1999.