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公共图书馆:促进社会和谐与包容的合理使命

时间:2023-08-07 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:但从政府及图书馆界对这一使命的阐释来看,公共图书馆对它的担当并非专业团体对政治的盲从,也并非职业机会主义的产物,而是具有显著的合理性基础。其次,公共图书馆的各类资源,都可以以不同方式促进社区的和谐与包容,从而促进社区发展。这些研究表明,长期以来,公共图书馆资源所蕴含的社会和谐与包容价值并未得到充分开发。

公共图书馆:促进社会和谐与包容的合理使命

如前所述,至少从一定意义上说,是20世纪90年代西方国家建设包容社会政治目标帮助唤醒了公共图书馆促进社会和谐与包容的使命,正如20世纪60年代美国的民权运动帮助提升了美国公共图书馆的多元文化使命一样。这就是说,公共图书馆的社会和谐与包容使命在很大程度上源于西方政府执政目标的推动。但从政府及图书馆界对这一使命的阐释来看,公共图书馆对它的担当并非专业团体对政治的盲从,也并非职业机会主义的产物,而是具有显著的合理性基础。

公共图书馆促进社会和谐与包容使命的合理性,主要建立在以下假定或研究发现之上:(1)公共图书馆从本质上说是其所在社区的资产,应按社区意愿产生价值;(2)公共图书馆的多种资源都蕴含了巨大的促进社会和谐与包容的潜力,图书馆假以适当策略,就可以更好地开发这一价值,促进社区发展。

首先,公共图书馆是社区成员通过地方税收建设和支持的社区资产。当代公共图书馆的资产价值至少来自以下方面:(1)以文献形式存在的知识与信息资源;(2)以电脑互联网等设施形式存在的技术资源;(3)以馆员的专业知识与技能形式存在的智力资源;(4)以阅览室、会议厅(室)、教室(培训室)和其他公共活动场所等形式存在的空间资源。知识信息资源是公共图书馆根据社区需要,系统收集的各种知识与信息记录,是支持社区教育、文化、信息和扫盲活动的基础资源。技术资源是公共图书馆根据信息技术的发展为社区成员配备的现代信息获取手段,它同时也是社区成员获得数字技能的重要途径。图书馆的智力资源是蕴含在专业馆员知识结构和经验中的智慧,它通过开发其他资源的价值或直接的问题解答,构成社区重要的智力资源。空间资源是社区成员开展各类活动(包括与知识信息及技术资源无关的活动)的场所,它与社区中的其他公共场所(公园、广场、博物馆等)共同构成社区的象征,并满足社区对空间的不同需要,履行不同的功能:如果说公园是社区的休闲游乐场所,博物馆是社区的珍藏馆,图书馆则是社区的大书房,它可以产生其他空间无法产生的价值。

从图书馆专业人员的角度看,上述各类资源的价值或许是相互依存、不可分割的,但从社区成员的角度看,不同资源经常可以被独立使用。社区成员有时相对独立地使用图书馆的知识与信息资源(如外借的实体文献和远程获取的数字化文献),有时独立地使用图书馆的空间资源(如召开会议或静坐思考),有时独立地使用图书馆的智力资源(如通过电话或互联网提出咨询)。这就如同个人使用自己的书房不一定非要使用那里的藏书一样。这也意味着,图书馆在考虑自身的使命时,可以相对独立地考虑各类资源对社区的价值,不要求它们的“捆绑利用”(例如不要求图书馆的所有空间都只用于阅读和学习)。而一旦公共图书馆开始这样做,它的某些资源,特别是空间资源,就有机会产生前所未有的社会和谐与包容价值。

其次,公共图书馆的各类资源,都可以以不同方式促进社区的和谐与包容,从而促进社区发展。公共图书馆通过收集不同观点、不同文化的信息,可以保证社区成员有机会见识和接触多种思维方式、观点、传统及规范,引导社区成员宽容差异,包容异己,逐渐形成开放、开明的社区文化。公共图书馆通过给予弱势群体特殊关注,可以大大改善他们对相关知识和信息的获取,从而改善他们享受社会资源、参与社会活动、参加民主过程的能力,缩小他们与其他社会阶层在社会参与度上的差距。公共图书馆还可以利用其空间资源支持社区的交流和共享活动,打造社区的聚会场所(Meeting place),支持民主参与。

如前所述,在公共图书馆发展史上,上述价值基本是在公共图书馆完成其他使命的过程中,不自觉地实现的。英国有关这一使命实现状况的研究显示,由于缺乏专门针对社会和谐与包容使命的合适政策和实现路径,英国公共图书馆在客观上取得的社会和谐与包容效果十分有限和保守:大多数公共图书馆满足于向所有人开放,而对于究竟谁走进并利用了图书馆,却不关注[57]。维根德(Wiegand)也认为,公共图书馆员习惯于从知识与信息资源的角度认识本机构的价值,很少同时从空间资源的角度认识其价值[58]。这些研究表明,长期以来,公共图书馆资源(特别是空间资源)所蕴含的社会和谐与包容价值并未得到充分开发。要改变现状,就需要把社会和谐与包容纳入公共图书馆的主流目标或使命,并为之设计合适的保障政策和实现策略。

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