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互联网平台提供商法律规制中存在数据效率与正义不兼顾问题

时间:2023-08-06 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:数据效率与数据正义都是规制互联网平台必须考虑的问题。只有这样,互联网平台经济才可能可持续地健康发展。平台的经营者需要承担监管责任,若有违反则可能需要承担一定的行政责任。另外,对平台施以刑事责任需要非常谨慎。与传统犯罪行为相比,平台提供者的行为大多数情形下并不能清楚地界定对错。即使其行为对社会秩序有一定的损害,但有时也具有正面意义。对于这种正负面效用兼具的行为纳入刑法的范畴应更为慎重。

互联网平台提供商法律规制中存在数据效率与正义不兼顾问题

数据效率与数据正义都是规制互联网平台必须考虑的问题。现阶段对互联网平台的规制,要么过于注重对数据正义的关注,完全忽视数据效率,其后果就是损害互联网平台的创新可能,对一些平台的商业模式带来致命伤害;要么过于注重对数据效率的保护,忽视数据正义的要求,其后果就是导致大量的数据被泄露,用户隐私遭受严重侵犯,一些违法信息在平台上泛滥。因而,对于互联网平台的规制,我们既要重视数据效率,也要兼顾数据正义。只有这样,互联网平台经济才可能可持续地健康发展。

对平台的规制必须考量各方的利益,既不能过度监管,也不能过于放松。既要坚持数据效率,也要维护数据正义。平台的经营者需要承担监管责任,若有违反则可能需要承担一定的行政责任。除非对社会公共秩序造成一定损害,平台的规制一般应以私人规制为主,通过私人行动来规制平台的发展。另外,对平台施以刑事责任需要非常谨慎。与传统犯罪行为相比,平台提供者的行为大多数情形下并不能清楚地界定对错。即使其行为对社会秩序有一定的损害,但有时也具有正面意义。对于这种正负面效用兼具的行为纳入刑法范畴应更为慎重。

【注释】

[1]Bertin Martens,“An Economic Policy Perspective on Online Platforms”,Prospective Technological Studies Digital Economy Working Paper,2016.

[2]Geoffrey Parker,Marshall Alstyne,Sangeet Choudary,Platform Revolution,WW Norton,2016,p.5.

[3]Geoffrey Parker,Marshall Alstyne,Sangeet Choudary,Platform Revolution,WW Norton,2016,p.3.

[4]Anand,Bharat,The Content Trap:A Strategist's Guide to Digital Change,Random House,2016,p.92.

[5]对于双边市场的详细阐述,请参见Jean-Charles Rochet,Jean Tirole,“Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets”,4 Journal of the European Economic Association 1,990~1209(2003).David S,Evans,Richard Schmalensee,Matchmakers:The New Economics of Multisided Platforms,Harvard Business Review Press,pp.8~37.

[6]Amrit Tiwana,Platform Ecosystems:Aligning Architecture,Governance,and Strategy,Morgan Kaufmann,2013,p.5.

[7]Geoffrey Parker,Marshall Alstyne,Sangeet Choudary,Platform Revolution,WW Norton,2016,p.5.

[8]Rochet,Tirole,“Two-Sided Markets:A Progress Report”,37 Rand J.Econ.,No.3,645,648(2006).

[9]David S,Evans,Schmalensee,“The Antitrust Analysis of Multi-Sided Platform Businesses”,Nat'l Bureau of Econ.Research,2012.

[10]Marc Rysman,“The Economics of Two-Sided Markets”,23 J.Econ.Perspectives,No.3,125~143(2009).

[11]Joseph Kennedy,Why Internet Platforms Don't Need Special Regulation,Information Technology&Innovation Foundation,2015,p.2.

[12]Network effects may be either direct or indirect.To understand the difference between direct and indirect network effect,see Clements,Matthew T.,“Direct and Indirect Network Effects:Are They Equivalent?”,available at SSRN:https://ssrn.com/abstract=313928 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.313928 accessed 29 October,2017.

[13]Amrit Tiwana,Platform Ecosystems:Aligning Architecture,Governance,and Strategy,Morgan Kaufmann,2013,p.33.

[14]Amrit Tiwana,Platform Ecosystems:Aligning Architecture,Governance,and Strategy,Morgan Kaufmann,2013,p.33.

[15]Amrit Tiwana,Platform Ecosystems:Aligning Architecture,Governance,and Strategy,Morgan Kaufmann,2013,p.33.

[16]Frederic Jenny,“The Economic Analysis of Two-sided Markets and Its Implications for Competition Law”,http://www.ift.org.mx/sites/default/files/final_presentation_two_sided_markets_fjenny_2.pdf accessed Oct 1,2017.

[17]Robert D.Atkinson,“Why Internet Platforms Don't Need Special Regulation”,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-d-atkinson-phd/why-internet-platforms-dont-need_b_8912018.html accesse d Oct 9,2017.

[18]对于互联网平台优势的阐述,请参见Koopman et al.,“The Sharing Economy:Issues Facing Platforms,Participants,and Regulators”,available at SSRN:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2610875 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2610875.

[19]Joseph Kennedy,Why Internet Platforms Don't Need Special Regulation,Information Technology&Innovation Foundation,2015,p.2.

[20]网络效应包括直接网络效应与间接网络效应,对此问题的阐释,请参见Clements,Matthew T.,“Direct and Indirect Network Effects:Are They Equivalent?”,available at SSRN:https://ssrn.com/abstract=313928 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.313928

[21]Amrit Tiwana,Platform Ecosystems:Aligning Architecture,Governance,and Strategy,Morgan Kaufmann,2013,p.33.(www.xing528.com)

[22]Amrit Tiwana,Platform Ecosystems:Aligning Architecture,Governance,and Strategy,Morgan Kaufmann,2013,p.33.

[23]Yochai Benkler,“Degrees of Freedom,Dimensions of Power”,American Academy of Arts&Sciences,145(2016).

[24]https://www.bcgperspectives.com/content/articles/media_entertainment_strategic_planning_4_2_trillion_opportunity_internet_economy_g20/accessed Sep 23,2017.

[25]The Center for Global Enterprise,“The Rise of the Platform Enterprise:A Global Survey”,January 2016.

[26]European Commission,“Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament,the Council,the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions:A Digital Single Market Strategy for Europe-Analysis and Evidence”,2015,p.53.

[27]Bertin Martens,“An Economic Policy Perspective on Online Platforms”,Prospective Technological Studies Digital Economy Working Paper,2016.

[28]David S,Evans,Richard Schmalensee,Matchmakers:The New Economics of Multisided Platforms,Harvard Business Review Press,2016,p.40.

[29]王华伟:“网络服务提供者的刑法责任比较研究”,载《环球法律评论》2016年第4期。

[30]北京市第一中级人民法院[2011]一中民终字第7512号民事判决书

[31]在上海市浦东新区人民法院[2015]浦民三(知)初字第528号民事判决书中,法院也作出了类似的推理

[32]北京市海淀区人民法院[2008]海民初字第16204号民事判决书。

[33]北京市第一中级人民法院[2009]一中民终字第5031号民事裁定书。

[34]See OECD(2011),OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy Making,13 December.

[35]Maxwell et al.,“Technology Neutrality in Internet,Telecoms and Data Protection Regulation”,Computer and Telecommunications Law Review,November 23,2014.

[36][美]卢克·多梅尓:《算法时代:新经济的新引擎》,胡小锐、钟毅译,中信出版集团2016年版,第216页。

[37][美]卢克·多梅尓:《算法时代:新经济的新引擎》,胡小锐、钟毅译,中信出版集团2016年版,第138页。

[38]Adam Kramer,Jamie Guillory,Jeffrey T.Hancock,“Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion Through Social Networks”,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111(2014).

[39]Zeynep Tufekci,“Engineering the Public:Big Data,Surveillance,and Computational Politics”,http://rstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/4901/4097 accessed May 1,2018.

[40]Lina M.Khan,“Amazon's Antitrust Paradox”,126 Yale L.J.,710(2017).

[41]https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21721656-data-economy-demands-new-approachantitrust-rules-worlds-most-valuable-resource accessed Jan 11,2018.

[42]BCG(2012)“The value of our digital identity”,available at www.libertyglobal.com/PDF/publicpolicy/The-Value-of-Our-Digital-Identity.pdf accessed June 12,2017.

[43]http://finance.sina.com.cn/money/bank/bank_hydt/2016-04-20/doc-ifxriqqv6383573.shtml accessed Aug 1,2017.

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