对幽默故事的讲述者来说,在选择幽默资料和讲述幽默故事内容方面有哪些需要注意的事项呢?
首先,讲述者必须娴熟地掌握受众语言,熟悉受众的文化、语言水准、种族背景,了解受众共享的意识形态和政治观点。在以下语段中,由于故事所涉双方对语言文字的理解不在同一层次上,故产生了一种令人错愕的幽默效果。
A student visited the parents of a dead classmate.The father was wailing,“Son,you have left me crippled.”The mother was crying,“Son,you have taken the light from my eyes.”The student replied,“If your son was guilty of all that,he should have been cremated while he was still alive.”
一位学生去拜访已过世同学的父母。父亲哭着说:“儿子,你让我人生有憾,生不如死。”母亲则哭着说:“儿子,你夺去了我眼睛的光明。”学生回答:“如果你们儿子如此罪孽深重,他早就该死呀。”
该学生之所以会作如此不合时宜的回答,是因为他不懂已过世学生父母的言外之意,对成人世界的语言还只停留在理解表层意思,而未能解读深层意思的水平。
Q:What do lawyers do after they die?(律师死后做什么?)
A:Lie still.(静静地躺着/仍然在说谎。)
如果受众对英语单词lie的理解只知道“躺着”的意思,而不知道还有“说谎”的意思,那么教师在给出这个语段时,学生就不会对该语段双关的奇妙回答击节赞叹;受众也不可能领会该语段是为了讽刺某些律师惯于说谎的职业行为。
其次,就政治或社会背景、知识底蕴而言,如果受众对美国社会存在的严重种族主义问题和奥巴马的非洲裔黑人身份一无所知,那就不可能对以下提问快速地做出幽默的答复,抑或无法欣赏该回答所蕴含的奇思妙想。
Q:Why won't Barack Obama laugh at himself?(奥巴马为什么不能嘲笑自己?)
A:It would be racist.(他嘲笑自己就是种族主义者。)
所以,在教学中讲述或者翻译幽默语段时,要对受众的语言水平、文化背景、政治观点、意识形态倾向以及社会经验(有时甚至性别和婚姻状况)等有充分了解或比较准确的判断,否则讲述的幽默语段就很难收到预期的效果。
具体而言,无论是讲述还是翻译幽默故事,最关键的是要看对最后或最重要的“潘趣”句(punch line,它是区分言语幽默文本与非言语幽默文本的重要特征)处理的效果。要是无法处理得当,整个故事就不会有幽默的效果,所有的讲述就会前功尽弃。例如,在下述讽刺律师物质主义的故事中,前面所有句子都是最后“潘趣”句的铺垫。(www.xing528.com)
A materialist lawyer:There was a lawyer who drove his shiny new Merc to work one day.He parked it in front of the company where he worked to show it off to all his lawyer colleagues.As he got out,a lorry hit the door and ripped it right off.
The driver stopped and ran to the lawyer saying“Are you alright,are you alright?”The lawyer,now furious,started to scream and berate the driver.“What the hell do you think you are doing?This is my brand new Mercedes…You know,I am a lawyer and I am going to sue you for all you are worth!”
Then a policeman ran up to the scene and said to the lawyer,“Calm down!You lawyers are so materialistic it's disgusting!Don't you know,when that lorry ripped your door off,it took your arm with it?”
The lawyer looked down and saw his left arm missing and said,“Oh God…my Rolex!”
崇尚物质的律师:一天,有个律师开着自己崭新雪亮的奔驰上班。他把车停在公司前面,想向他的律师同事炫耀一番。他下车的时候,突然一辆卡车撞了过来,撞到了车门,还把车门给撞飞了。
卡车司机赶紧刹住车,跑过去问律师:“你怎么样,你还好吗?”律师顿时怒气冲天,冲他尖叫,还厉声斥责司机。“你知道你在干什么吗?这可是我的新奔驰啊……要知道,我可是个律师,我会控告你,你就等着倾家荡产吧!”
这时警察走了上来,对律师说,“冷静点!你们这些律师太物质了,真让人恶心!难道你不知道卡车撞飞车门的时候,把你一只胳膊也撕去了吗?”
律师低头一看,自己的左臂没了,大叫,“啊,老天哪,我的劳力士!”
就译本而言,以上翻译总体上是成功的。如果以上文本的讲述对象是当代的大学生,一般来说,他们都知道“奔驰”是名车,“劳力士”是名表。如果原文最后“潘趣”句中的名表是百达翡丽(Patek Philippe)或江诗丹顿(Vacheron Constantin),[3]“直译”或“直讲”而不做任何变通或改写处理,就很难获得预期的即时幽默效果,因为知道后两款是名表的人毕竟在少数。因此,讲述者或译者对他的受众必须“知根知底”,必要时在讲述中须做出变通的处理。虽然有求知欲的受众也许会通过查找资料等方式弄清百达翡丽或江诗丹顿的表行“地位”,但等到事后或第二天才“恍然大悟”,这已经不是幽默故事讲述者所期待的效果。讲述者所期待的永远是受众的即时共鸣或当场的哑然失笑。当然,讲述幽默故事最理想的效果是有铺垫、有悬念、有波澜,且又能扣人心弦,让受众获得顿悟和欢乐。这一点跟说相声者抖包袱的道理是一样的。所以,在对外国幽默故事脚本的选择上,要避免那些因文化差异过大,翻译成另一种语言会失去语言幽默效应的语段或故事。例如:
A Mediocre President:George W.Bush went to the doctor for the result of his brain CT scan The doctor said,“Mr president,I have bad news for you.First,we have discovered that your brain has two sides:left side and a right side.”
Bush interrupted,“Well,isn't that normal?I thought everybody had two sides to their brain.”
“That's true,”the doctor replied,“But Mr president,your brain is unusual.On the left side,there is nothing right,and on the right side,there is nothing left.”
这则嘲讽小布什总统的幽默故事,对原文最后的“潘趣”句的翻译或解释会使原文中一语双关的内容变得索然无味(“On the left side,there is nothing right,and on the right side,there is nothing left”可以译作“在你的左脑,似乎‘一无是处’;在你的右脑,似乎‘一无所有’”)。而有领悟该双关语能力的学生自己的“恍然大悟”,不但会惊叹“潘趣”句的妙趣横生,更会感到这一评语对小布什总统的评价是何等的恰如其分——“9·11事件”之后,美国人普遍认为该总统头脑简单,反应迟缓,缺乏“multi-tasking”的统筹能力(一次只能处理一件政务)。
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