Thomas Hardy，an English poet and novelist，who lived across two centuries.His early works were mainly novels inheriting and enriching the literature tradition of Victoria Period，while the excellent poems in his old age pioneered the English literature in the twentieth century.
托马斯·哈代，英国诗人、小说家。他是横跨两个世纪的作家。早期创作以小说为主，继承和发扬了维多利亚时代的文学传统；晚年以出色的诗歌引领20世纪英国文坛。
Thomas Hardy was born on June 2，1840，in a small village next to Dorset，a rural region of southwestern England that was to become the focus of his fiction.His father was a stonemason，but he loves music.And both his father and mother paid much attention to Hardy's education.
1840年6月2日，哈代出生于英格兰西南部的一个小村庄，毗邻多塞特郡大荒原，这里日后成为哈代作品的主要创作背景。他的父亲是个石匠，但爱好音乐。父母都重视对哈代的教育。
In 1856，Hardy left school and became an apprentice to an architect.In 1862，he went to London as an architectural draftsman.A t that time，he furthered study oflanguage in London University and began his literature career.
1856年，哈代离开学校后给一名建筑师当学徒。1862年哈代以一名建筑绘图员的身份前往伦敦，并在伦敦大学进修语言，开始文学创作。
Plot：The novel tells the story of an orphan named Jude Fawley in the southwest English region of Wessex who is very smart and fond oflearning at an early age and does very well at school.He yearns to be a scholar of "Christminster"，a city modeled on Oxford，England.
故事梗概：小说讲述的是孤儿裘德·福莱的故事，他生活在威塞克斯西南部的乡村。他自幼聪明好学、成绩出众，一心向往成为基督寺大学城里的一名学者（牛津大学是大学城的原形）。
He first works for his aunt's bakery，later becomes an apprentice stonemason.In his spare time，he teaches himself Greek and Latin.Before he can try to enter the university，Jude is tempted and trapped into marrying Arabella Donn，a barmaid who is a rather coarse and superficial local girl.But A rabella deserts him and marries another man within two years.By this time，he had abandoned his learning altogether.
他最初在姑妈家的面包店里工作，后成为一名石匠的学徒。在工作之余，他自学希腊语和拉丁语。然而就在他努力准备上大学时，裘德受当地粗俗肤浅的酒吧侍女阿拉贝拉的诱惑而同她结了婚，但婚后两年阿拉贝拉便抛弃了裘德，另觅新欢。而此时裘德已完全荒废了学业。
After Arabella leaves him，Jude's old dream comes back to him again.He moves to Christminster and supports himself as a mason while studying alone，hoping to be able to enter the university.There，he meets and falls in love with his cousin，Sue Bridehead.
阿拉贝拉离开后，裘德又重燃心中的大学梦。裘德移居基督寺，靠一份石匠的工作谋生，他一边工作一边自学，希望将来能上大学。在大学城，他与表妹苏·布莱德赫相遇，坠入爱河。
Later Jude takes Sue to meet his former school teacher，Mr.Phillotson，who fails to obtain his degree at college and become a scholar as Jude has expected but is now a village schoolmaster.It turns out that this village schoolteacher has never had a chance to be admitted to university and he has given up the idea years ago.Jude began to worry about his own fate.(www.xing528.com)
后来，裘德领着苏拜访他儿时的恩师——费乐生。可是和裘德所料想的不同，费乐生并未取得大学学位，成为一名学者，与之相反，现在的他只是一名乡村小学的校长。原来这位乡村小学教师一直未被大学录取，而他也早已放弃进入大学的想法。于是裘德开始为自己的命运担忧。
In spite of the big difference between their ages，Phillotson shows great affection for Sue from the beginning.Sue，out of misunderstandings between her and Jude，decides suddenly to marry Phillotson who is in love with her long ago.
虽然费乐生与苏年龄相差很大，但他一开始便对苏产生了强烈的好感。苏也由于她与裘德之间的种种误会，突然决定嫁给对她早已有意的费乐生。
But Sue eventually leaves Phillotson for Jude，because she is physically disgusted by her husband.After they are divorced with their respective former partner，they are free to get married formally.But they are both afraid to get married because the Fawleys family has a history of tragic marriages，and because they think being legally obliged to love one another might destroy their love.Jude eventually convinces Sue to sleep with him，and several children are born.They are also bestowed with a child from Jude's first marriage，whom Jude did not know about earlier.He is named Jude and nicknamed "Little Father Time".
但苏终因生理上的厌恶而离开了丈夫，投向裘德。两人与各自的配偶离婚后，本可正式结合，但他们又害怕结婚。因为他们一方面迷信福莱家族的婚姻注定不幸，另一方面又担心合法婚姻附带的责任会葬送他们的爱情。最终裘德说服苏与其同居，并生育了几个子女。他们还收养了裘德第一次婚姻留下的孩子，但裘德起初并不知情。这个孩子名叫裘德，外号为“时间老人”。
Jude and Sue are socially ostracized for living together unmarried，especially after the children are born.Jude's employers always dismiss him when they find out，and landlords evict them.The precocious Little Father Time，observing the problems he and his siblings are causing their parents，murders Sue's two children by strangling them with box cord and then commits suicide by hanging himself.
裘德与苏未婚同居，为社会所不容，尤其在孩子们出生后更是如此。知道实情后，雇主们往往会辞退裘德，房东们也驱赶他们一家。早熟的“时间老人”通过观察明白了父母遭遇麻烦的根源来于自己和弟弟妹妹，于是他用绳子勒死了苏的两个孩子，然后上吊自杀。
The shock of these events fills Sue with guilt and regret.She eventually surrenders to her fate and religious belief and returns to her former husband.Jude，demoralized under the heavy blow，is tricked by drink into remarrying Arabella，who has now been abandoned.But Jude still can not forget his love for Sue.He becomes seriously ill and dies before he reaches thirty.
遭此打击，苏极度悔恨、内疚，终于向命运和宗教信仰屈服，回到前夫的身边。裘德受此沉重打击后，意志消沉。此时阿拉贝拉也遭人抛弃，她乘机灌醉裘德并诱骗他与她再婚。但裘德始终未能对苏忘情，郁郁成疾，年未30就含恨而终。
Comment：This book concerns not only education，marriage system and religion，but also such newissues as women rights，broken family and premature child.No wonder some critics point out that there is an infiltration of modernism both in ideas and artistic value in the book.
评论：本书关注的问题不仅包括教育、婚姻制度和宗教，也涉及妇女权利、家庭破裂、儿童早熟等新问题。难怪一些评论家指出，这部名作在思想内容以及艺术价值上都渗透着现代主义思想。
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