目前国内外理论界和实践界对信息质量属于多维的概念已形成普遍共识。在信息质量研究领域,麻省理工学院的Wang教授是国际著名的代表人物和先驱,他继1996年提出内在信息质量、情景信息质量、表象信息质量和可访问性信息质量之后[78],又于2002年进一步提出合理的信息、可靠的信息、有用的信息和可用的信息等对信息质量进行分类[79]。Arazy认为维基百科词条是开放存取的,任何用户都可以对它们自由、方便地进行访问,因此,不存在可访问性信息质量问题,所以,他在对维基百科词条信息质量维度进行评分一致性研究时只选取了内在信息质量、情景信息质量、表象信息质量三种类型的信息质量维度。Stvili则基于对信息活动方式等的理论分析提出从内在信息质量、情境信息质量、权威信息质量对信息质量维度进行分类[80]。由于维基百科词条仍是一种特殊情境的Web信息,Yaari也证实当参与者对维基百科词条进行评估时仍然使用一般的Web信息评估属性[81]。Knight和Burn研究得出了最近十年Web信息质量评价框架和模型中最常用的准确性、一致性、完整性等一般的信息质量维度[82],因此,本书认为应将它们融入维基百科词条的信息质量启发式评价框架之中。详尽可能性模型(Elaboration Likelihood Model,ELM)理论认为当用户被驱动或具有主题相关的知识时会选择使用“核心路线”,而当知识和激励缺少时会选择“次要路线”,并根据外在特征做出决定[83]。Adelson曾证明初学者在对信息质量进行判断时由于缺乏主题相关的领域知识只能借助写作风格、参考信息等形式特征对信息进行判断[84]。除此之外,用户对信息质量的感知和判断还与用户的使用动机和使用目的有关,如是为生产知识还是了解信息,是获取事实性信息、背景性信息还是参考性信息等。综上,本书从信息价值的视角出发,基于以上理论基础构建出一套符合ELM理论的、层次递进的、包含合理的信息、有用的信息、可用的信息的维基百科词条信息质量启发式评价框架,这是一个包含概念、关系、分类和方法学的多维结构,能够为维基百科词条的信息质量评价提供相应基准、标准或参考,并适合不同类型的信息用户在不同情境下使用(如初学者或主题不熟悉用户主要基于合理和有用的信息视角对维基百科词条进行识别和判断;领域专家或知识生产者主要基于可用的信息视角对维基百科词条进行识别和判断等)。详见表6-19。
表6-19 维基百科词条信息质量启发式评价框架
续表
【注释】
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