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西方文学艺术源自希腊神话与圣经 │解读西尔达·杜丽特尔

时间:2023-07-21 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:2.希腊神话希腊神话和《圣经》被并称为西方文学和艺术的两大渊源。从现代主义逐渐兴盛的19世纪晚期到20世纪五六十年代,欧洲文坛刮起了一阵猛烈的“希腊神话之风”。人文学家和历史学家有关希腊神话研究的作品盛行不衰,几乎成为每个文人的必读之书。她不仅通读希腊神话,还精通希腊文,对希腊文化的研究相当精湛,不逊于大学里的古典文学教授。

西方文学艺术源自希腊神话与圣经 │解读西尔达·杜丽特尔

2.希腊神话

希腊神话和《圣经》被并称为西方文学艺术的两大渊源。文艺复兴以来,随着希腊文化的重新发掘,奇伟瑰丽的希腊神话也重获新生,带给无数文人和艺术家不绝的灵感和创作激情。从现代主义逐渐兴盛的19世纪晚期到20世纪五六十年代,欧洲文坛刮起了一阵猛烈的“希腊神话之风”。人文学家和历史学家有关希腊神话研究的作品盛行不衰,几乎成为每个文人的必读之书。当时的诗坛宿将如庞德、艾略特叶芝等人的诗歌作品里无不广泛涉及各个希腊神话人物。这股希腊神话之风也吹拂到其他领域,如弗洛伊德和荣格的心理学著作中也处处有希腊神话的身影。20世纪初即来到英国的H.D.当然也深受此文坛潮流的影响。她不仅通读希腊神话,还精通希腊文,对希腊文化的研究相当精湛,不逊于大学里的古典文学教授。她朴实简练、硬朗大气的诗风,也颇具希腊史诗的风范。在H.D.一生的文学作品中,希腊神话始终占有重要的地位,不过她并不完全照搬神话故事,对神话人物也往往有着自己的解读,有时甚至让古希腊人物置身于现代生活环境之中。H.D.最喜爱的神话人物莫过于坚贞独立、无屈无畏的狩猎女神阿尔忒弥斯和智慧过人、纯洁高贵的雅典娜,她经常在诗作中自比两位女神,表现自己不畏困苦,也不为世俗情爱所累,以求知为乐的精神境界。本章所选的诗歌均是H.D.早年的诗作,发表在1925年的《诗歌集》里,其中《丽达》和《海伦》表现了H.D.对传统意识的反叛和对神话人物的重写。

墓志铭

      那么我会说:

      “我绝尘而去,

      转瞬即逝”;

      那么他们会说:

      “她至死企望

      人世不容的炽诚”;

      那么你会说:

      “希腊之花;永远带着

      希腊人的激扬

      毕生

      追寻

      精妙歌声里迷失的音符。”

Epitaph

      So Imay say,

      “I died of living,

      having lived one hour”;

      so they may say,

      “she died soliciting

      illicit fervour”;

      so you may say,

      “Greek flower;Greek ecstasy

      reclaims for ever

      one who died

      following

      intricate songs'lostmeasure.”

引路的赫尔墨斯[5]

      坚硬的沙石迸裂,

      碎沙,

      清亮如酒。

      沙丘远方,

      海风,

      在宽阔的岸边嬉耍,

      堆起小小的山包,

      巨浪又

      将它冲垮。

      但我知道,

      除了波浪滚滚的海路,

      在三岔路前,

      赫尔墨斯,

      在等待。

      迟疑不决地

      面朝三条道路,

      迎候途中旅人,

      海上的果园

      从东到西,

      为他遮庇,

      他躲过海风的侵袭;

      直面威严的沙丘。

      风从沙丘上

      疾驰而过,

      粗糙、盐渍的海草

      发出回响。

      哎哟,

      风抽打我的脚踝!

      这洁白的溪流

      真是细巧,

      源自白杨覆盖的山峦,

      从地下流淌而过,

      溪水却也甘甜。

      生在矮树上的苹果

      真是干硬,

      模样太小,

      迫不及待的太阳

      力穿海上薄雾

      刚把它们催熟。

      树上枝条

      缠绕交错

      郁结丛生;

      缠绕交错的正是

      细叶连连的枝条。

      可它们的身影

      怎堪比桅杆

      和残旧的风帆。

      赫尔墨斯,赫尔墨斯,

      怒海惊涛,

      誓将我吞咬;

      你却依旧等候

      在海中草和岸上草的

      交结处。

Hermes of the Ways

I

      The hard sand breaks,

      and the grains of it

      are clear as wine.

      Far off over the leagues of it,

      the wind,

      playing on the wide shore,

      piles little ridges,

      and the great waves

      break over it.

      Butmore than the many-foamed ways

      of the sea,

      I know him

      of the triple path-ways,

      Hermes,

      who awaits.

      Dubious,

      facing three ways,

      welcoming wayfarers,

      he whomthe sea-orchard

      shelters fromthe west,

      fromthe east

      weathers sea-wind;

      fronts the great dunes.

      Wind rushes

      over the dunes,

      and the coarse,salt-crusted grass

      answers.

      Heu,

      it whips round my ankles!

II

      Small is

      this white stream,

      flowing below ground

      fromthe poplar-shaded hill,

      but the water is sweet.

      Apples on the small trees

      are hard,

      too small,

      too later ripened

      by a desperate sun

      that struggles through sea-mist.

      The boughs of the trees

      are twisted

      by many bafflings;

      twisted are

      the small-leafed boughs.

      But the shadow of them

      is not the shadow of themast head

      nor of the torn sails.

      Hermes,Hermes,

      the great sea foamed,

      gnashed its teeth aboutme;

      but you have waited

      where sea-grass tangles with

      shore-grass.

女猎手[6]

      来呀!举矛与我们搏斗,

      我们脚步匆匆

      赤裸的脚踵

      踩出印子——

      我们牢牢站住——你可看好——

      是否你已输掉

      这场赛跑?

      哪怕山风呼啸,

      我们一马当先,

      山丘上土石散落

      噼啪作响——

      我们双足插进土里

      锋利似矛。

      我们爬越犁好的田地

      拽出泥缝中的种子,

      用脚踵跺碎泥石,

      飞旋入林

      焦渴呼号:

      你可敢来,

      你可敢来,

      可敢跟随猎犬踪迹

      踏上滚烫的泥泞?

      跳起来吧——向前冲吧——

      紧追最善跑的人,

      哎,你竟退离了赛途

      颓然败倒在我们脚下。

Huntress

      Come,blunt your spear with us,

      our pace is hot

      and our bare heels

      in the heel-prints—

      we stand tense—do you see—

      are you already beaten

      by the chase?

      We lead the pace

      for the wind on the hills,

      the low hill is pattered

      with loose earth—

      our feet cut into the crust

      as with spears.

      We climbed the ploughed land,

      dragged the seed fromthe clefts,

      broke the clods with our heels,

      whirled with a parched cry

      into the woods:

      Can you come,

      can you come,

      can you follow the hound trail,

      can you trample the hot froth?

      Spring up—sway forward—

      follow the quickest one,

      aye,though you leave the trail

      and drop exhausted at our feet.

西蒂斯[7]

      你游过

      圆形的小岛

      和一段

      洁白的海滩,

      海滩弯如新月,

      如象牙,经妙手

      雕琢:

      当太阳滑落在

      海角天边,

      珍奇的琥珀

      尽染海面,

      海豚在水下游摆,

      琥珀色的光斑

      照耀它的后背,

      镶珠嵌玉的缰绳,

      套具和嚼头。

      假使夕阳按下

      沉重的王冠,

      假使黎明抛洒

      过度的娇媚,

      假使你跃上浪端,

      摘花入怀,

      嬉笑时有了倦意,

      尽可纵身潜入

      海底深渊,

      那里大鱼不敢前去,

      也不见小鱼闪耀跳窜,

      古老的海城静谧安详,

      沉静的城墙上只爬满

      银莲和

      百里香的鲜花。

Thetis

II

      You will pass

      beneath the island disk

      and the white stretch

      of its white beach,

      curved as the moon crescent

      or ivory when some fine hand

      chisels it:

      when the sun slips

      through the far edge,

      there is rare amber

      through the sea,

      and flecks of it

      glitter on the dolphin's back

      and jeweled halter

      and harness and bit

      as he sways under it.

IV

      Should the sun press

      too heavy a crown,

      should dawn cast

      overmuch loveliness,

      should you tire as you laugh,

      running fromwave to wave-crest,

      gathering the sea-flower to your breast,

      you may dive down

      to the uttermost sea depth,

      where no great fish venture

      nor small fish glitter and dart,

      only the anemones and flower

      of the wild sea-thyme

      cover the silent walls

      of an old sea-city at rest.

赛丝[8]

      轻而易举地

      人们就顺从我的心意,

      轻而易举地

      我只消一碰,就把人样变,

      可你呀

      漂流在磅礴的海上,

      我要如何将你唤回?

      雪松和白蜡树,

      岩上的松和沙中的树

      还有赤杨

      红雪松,白雪松

      还有长在密林深处的黑雪松,

      阵阵的仙香,

      我所有的魔法都是枉然。

      轻而易举地——

      我念头一闪,远在天边的人

      也要听命而来,

      祈求我的触碰,

      哭喊着求见我的真容,

      苦苦哀求

      直到我心生怜悯

      恢复他们本来的模样。

      美洲狮,美洲狮

      后面紧跟

      一只黑豹——

      黝黑的美洲狮,赤红的美洲狮

      还有威武神勇的

      大猎犬,

      利爪穿过沙土,围成一圈

      包围我远离土地,

      喉管里爆发的吼叫

      比海声更响,

      海的咆哮伴着它们的嗥叫

      怒吼和呼嚎,

      长刺海星

      走石飞沙,

      岩上赤杨,(www.xing528.com)

      海风呼啸——

      只是不闻你的声音。

      轻而易举地,我就把人

      从天边唤来,

      轻而易举地,只消念头闪过

      人们就应命来我脚下——

      多么美妙,看那高大的美洲狮

      和皮毛光滑的捕鹿犬

      在夜色下绕地而行。

      轻而易举地,

      宫殿就弥漫着

      雪松和白蜡树的幽香,

      海穴就可铺满

      象牙和玛瑙

      可我甘愿舍弃

      珊瑚流苏,

      岛上宫宇里

      最幽深的密室,

      我得到的礼物

      和魔力掌控的

      一切领地,只为你凝眸一瞥。

Circe

      It was easy enough

      to bend themtomy wish,

      it was easy enough

      to alter themwith a touch,

      but you

      adrift on the great sea,

      how shall I call you back?

      Cedar and white ash,

      rock-cedar and sand plants

      and tamarisk

      red cedar and white cedar

      and black cedar fromthe inmost forest,

      fragrance upon fragrance

      and allmy sea-magic is for nought.

      It was easy enough—

      a thought called them

      fromthe sharp edges of the earth;

      they prayed for a touch,

      they cried for the sight ofmy face,

      they entreated me

      till in pity

      I turned each to his own self.

      Panther and panther,

      then a black leopard

      follows close—

      black panther and red

      and a great hound,

      a god-like beast,

      cut the sand in a clear ring

      and shutme fromthe earth,

      and cover the sea-sound

      with their throats,

      and the sea roar with their own barks

      and bellowing and snarls,

      and the sea-stars

      and the swirl of the sand,

      and the rock-tamarisk

      and the wind resonance—

      but not your voice.

      It is easy enough to callmen

      fromthe edges of the earth.

      It is easy enough to summon themto my feet

      with a thought—

      it is beautiful to see the tall panther

      and the sleek deer-hounds

      circle in the dark.

      It is easy enough

      to make cedar and white ash fumes

      into palaces

      and to cover the sea-caves

      with ivory and onyx.

      But I would give up

      rock-fringes of coral

      and the inmost chamber

      ofmy island palace

      and my own gifts

      and the whole region

      ofmy power and magic for your glance.

丽达[9]

      缓缓河水

      迎来涌潮之地,

      红天鹅张开赤红的双翼,

      扬起朱喙,

      在柔软胸膛的

      紫色羽绒

      松开他珊瑚般的硬爪。

      透过这深紫色笼罩下的烈日和瘴雾

      阴闷的热气

      平铺的阳光,

      用邪恶的胸膛

      将百合摩挲,

      绚烂的金光

      点染鲜黄的花冠

      渐涨的潮水

      沁入河道,

      在苇丛间

      轻柔荡漾,

      托起黄色的菖蒲

      天鹅游弋在

      潮水与河流的相逢处。

      啊,君王高贵的一吻——

      别再用悔恨

      跟深藏的记忆

      破坏这份欢娱;

      莎草低矮,密密丛生,

      在那里,鲜黄的百合

      倾情绽放,依偎着

      红天鹅

      轻抖的双翼

      和红天鹅

      颤动的暖膛。

Leda

      Where the slow river

      meets the tide,

      a red swan lifts red wings

      and darker beak,

      and underneath the purple down

      of his soft breast

      uncurls his coral feet.

      Through the deep purple

      of the dying heat

      of sun and mist,

      the level ray of sun-beam

      has caressed

      the lily[10]with dark breast,

      and flecked with richer gold

      its golden crest.

      Where the slow lifting

      of the tide,

      floats into the river

      and slowly drifts

      among the reeds,

      and lifts the yellow flags,

      he floats

      where tide and rivermeet.

      Ah kingly kiss—

      no more regret

      nor old deep memories

      tomar the bliss;

      where the low sedge is thick,

      the gold day-lily

      outspreads and rests

      beneath soft fluttering

      of red swan wings

      and the warmquivering

      of the red swan's breast.

附:

丽达与天鹅

威廉·勃特勒·叶芝

      突然一击:在踉跄的少女身上

      那巨翅仍在乱扑,黑色的脚蹼抚摩着

      她的腿,他的喙衔着她的脖颈,

      用胸膛压住她无助的身体。

      被惊呆的手指,哪还有力

      从松开的腿间推开那白羽?

      翻倒在灯心草里的身体

      怎样感觉他奇异的心跳?

      从腰股间的颤抖,竟生出

      断墙、残塔,漫天烈焰

      与阿伽门农之死。

      当她被占有时,

      被云中的野蛮热血俘获时,

      她得到了他的力量,是否也得了他的知识,

      在那漠然的喙放开她之前?

(译者:李立玮)

Leda and the Swan

WilliamButler Yeats

      A sudden blow:the great wings beating still

      Above the staggering girl,her thighs caressed

      By the dark webs,her nape caught in his bill,

      He holds her helpless breast upon his breast.

      How can those terrified vague fingers push

      The feathered glory fromher loosening thighs?

      And how can body,laid in that white rush,

      But feel the strange heart beating where it lies?

      A shudder in the loins engenders there

      The broken wall,the burning roof and tower

      And Agamemnon dead.[11]

      Being so caught up,

      Somastered by the brute blood of the air,

      Did she put on his knowledge with his power

      Before the indifferent beak could let her drop?

海伦[12]

      希腊人无不憎恨

      那洁白脸庞上宁静的双眸,

      她伫立时

      橄榄树般的风姿,

      和那洁白的双手。

      希腊人无不痛恨

      她微笑时苍白的面容,

      回想起她曾经的魅惑,

      和犯下的罪过,

      那愈发苍白的面色,

      令他们恨之入骨。

      希腊人漠然看着

      爱中降生的,主神之女[13]

      美貌红颜,生着冰凉的玉足,

      和修颀无比的双膝。

      若要他们爱这少女

      唯有待她躺倒

      在墓园的柏树间,化作一抔白土。

Helen

      All Greece hates

      the still eyes in the white face,

      the luster as of olives

      where she stands,

      and the white hands.

      AllGreece reviles

      the wan face when she smiles,

      hating it deeper still

      when it grows wan and white,

      remembering past enchantments

      and past ills.

      Greece sees unmoved,

      God's daughter,born of love,

      the beauty of cool feet

      and slenderest knees,

      could love indeed themaid,

      only if she were laid,

      white ash amid funeral cypresses.

阿多尼斯[14]

      我们个个如你

      曾亲临死神的殿堂,

      个个如你

      曾在飘零的树叶中穿行,

      在冬霜下,

      我们枯裂弯折

      饱受摧残却顽强不屈,

      被烧成金黄的圆点

      再度闪亮,

      似明丽的琥珀,点点金叶

      在阳光的热力下,

      金光闪耀,生机重现。

      我们个个如你

      曾亲临死神的殿堂,

      我们都曾走过远古的林中小径

      看见冬日的树叶

      在阳光的热焰下显得如此金艳

      连林中盛开的鲜花

      都黯然失色。

      你伫立其间的

      金色庙宇

      没有这等辉煌,

      捆挷你便鞋的黄金,

      浇铸在你凿成的

      卷发中的黄金

      也没有这陈年之叶的辉煌

      锤打、堆砌

      和敲击在

      你情人[15]脸庞,

      眉宇和胸膛上的万千黄金

      也没这等辉煌

      我们个个如你

      曾亲临死神的殿堂,

      我们个个如你

      孑然挺立,如你,

      值得崇敬。

Adonis

I

      Each of us like you

      has died once,

      each of us like you

      has passed through drift of wood-leaves,

      cracked and bent

      and tortured and unbent

      in the winter frost,

      then burnt into gold points,

      lighted afresh,

      crisp amber,scales of gold-leaf,

      gold turned and re-welded

      in the sun-heat;

      each of us like you

      has died once,

      each of us has crossed an old wood-path

      and found the winter leaves

      so golden in the sun-fire

      that even the live wood-flowers

      were dark.

II

      Not the gold on the temple-front

      where you stand,

      is as gold as this,

      not the gold that fastens your sandal,

      nor the gold reft

      through your chiseled locks

      is as gold as this last year's leaf,

      not all the gold hammered and wrought

      and beaten

      on your lover's face,

      browand bare breast

      is as gold as this:

      each of us like you

      has died once,

      each of us like you

      stands apart,like you

      fit to be worshipped.

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