Organisation of African Unity
History
The Organisation of African Unity(OAU) was founded in May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia by 32 African states with the main aim of bringing the African nations together and resolve the issues within the continent. Its first ever conference was held on 1st May 1963 at Addis Ababa.
Aims
The OAU had the following primary aims:
●To co-ordinate and intensify the co-operation of African states in order to achieve a better life for the people of Africa.
●To defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of African states.
●The OAU was also dedicated to the eradication of all forms of colonialism and white minority rule as, when it was established, there were several states that had not yet won their independence or were white minority-ruled. South Africa and Angola were two such countries. The OAU proposed two ways of ridding the continent of colonialism and white minority rule. Firstly, it would defend the interests of independent countries and help to pursue the independence those of still-colonised ones. Secondly, it would remain neutral in terms of world affairs, preventing its members from being controlled once more by outside powers.
A Liberation Committee was established to aid independence movements and look after the interests of already-independent states. The OAU also aimed to stay neutral in terms of global politics, which would prevent them from being controlled once more by outside forces-an especial danger with the Cold War.
The OAU had other aims, too:
●Ensure that all Africans enjoyed human rights.
●Raise the living standards of all Africans.
●Settle arguments and disputes between members-not through fighting but rather peaceful and diplomatic negotiation.
Soon after achieving independence, a number of African states expressed a growing desire for more unity within the continent. Not everyone was agreed on how this unity could be achieved, however, and two opinionated groups emerged in this respect:
●The Casablanca bloc, led by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, wanted a federation of all African countries. Aside from Ghana, it comprised also Algeria, Guinea, Morocco, Egypt, Mali and Libya. Founded in 1961, its members were described as “progressive states”.
●The Monrovian bloc, led by Senghor of Senegal, felt that unity should be achieved gradually, through economic cooperation. It did not support the notion of a political federation. Its other members were Nigeria, Liberia, Ethiopia and most of the former French colonies.
Some of the initial discussions took place at Sanniquellie, Liberia. The dispute was eventually resolved when Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie I invited the two groups to Addis Ababa, where the OAU and its headquarters were subsequently established. The Charter of the Organisation was signed by 32 independent African states.
At the time of the OAU’s disbanding, 53 out of the 54 African states were members; Morocco left on 12 November 1984 following the admission of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as the government of Western Sahara in 1982.
Agencies
Autonomous specialised agencies, working under the auspices of the OAU, were:
●Pan-African Telecommunications Union (PATU)
●Pan-African Postal Union (PAPU)
●Pan-African News Agency (PANA)
●Union of African National Television and Radio Organisations (URTNA)
●Union of African Railways (UAR)
●Organisation of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU)
●Supreme Council for Sports in Africa
●African Civil Aviation Commission
Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity
The Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity served as the head of the Organisation of African Unity, a rotating position.
List
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Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity
The Secretary General was head of the Secretariat of the Organisation of African Unity.
List
OAU Summits
OAU Members by Date of Admission (53 States)
Charter of the Organisation of African Unity
We, the Heads of African States and Governments assembled in the City of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,
Convinced that it is the inalienable right of all people to control their own destiny,
Conscious of the fact that freedom, equality, justice and dignity are essential objectives for the achievement of the legitimate aspirations of the African peoples,
Conscious of our responsibility to harness the natural and human resources of our continent for the total advancement of our peoples in spheres of human endeavour,
Inspired by a common determination to promote understanding among our peoples and cooperation among our States in response to the aspirations of our peoples for brotherhood and solidarity, in a larger unity transcending ethnic and national differences,
Convinced that, in order to translate this determination into a dynamic force in the cause of human progress, conditions for peace and security must be established and maintained,
Determined to safeguard and consolidate the hard-won independence as well as the sovereignty and territorial integrity of our States, and to fight against neo-colonialism in all its forms,
Dedicated to the general progress of Africa,
Persuaded that the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to the principles of which we reaffirm our adherence, provide a solid foundation for peaceful and positive cooperation among states,
Desirous that all African States should henceforth unite so that the welfare and well-being of their peoples can be assured,
Resolved to reinforce the links between our states by establishing and strengthening common institutions,
Have agreed to the present Charter.
Establishment
Article I
1. The High Contracting Parties do by the present Charter establish an Organization to be known as the ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY.
2. The Organization shall include the Continental African States, Madagascar and other Islands surrounding Africa.
Purposes
Article II
1. The Organization shall have the following purposes:
a. to promote the unity and solidarity of the African States;
b. to coordinate and intensify their cooperation and efforts to achieve a better life for the peoples of Africa;
c. to defend their sovereignty, their territorial integrity and independence;
d. to eradicate all forms of colonialism from Africa; and
e. to promote international cooperation, having due regard to the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
2. To these ends, the Member States shall coordinate and harmonize their general policies, especially in the following fields:
a. Political and diplomatic cooperation;
b. Economic cooperation, including transport and communications;
c. Educational and cultural cooperation;
d. Health, sanitation, and nutritional cooperation;
e. Scientific and technical cooperation; and
f. Cooperation for defence and security.
Principles
Article III
The Member States, in pursuit of the purposes stated in Article II, solemnly affirm and declare their adherence to the following principles:
1. The sovereign equality of all Member States;
2. Non-interference in the internal affairs of States;
3. Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of each State and for its inalienable right to independent existence;
4. Peaceful settlement of disputes by negotiation, mediation, conciliation or arbitration;
5. Unreserved condemnation, in all its forms, of political assassination as well as of subversive activities on the part of neighbouring States or any other State;
6. Absolute dedication to the total emancipation of the African territories which are still dependent;
7. Affirmation of a policy of non-alignment with regard to all blocs.
Membership
Article IV
Each independent sovereign African State shall be entitled to become a Member of the Organization.
Rights and Duties of Member States
Article V
All Member States shall enjoy equal rights and have equal duties.
Article VI
The Member States pledge themselves to observe scrupulously the principles enumerated in Article III of the present Charter.
Institutions
Article VII
The Organization shall accomplish its purposes through the following principal institutions:
1. The Assembly of Heads of State and Government;(www.xing528.com)
2. The Council of Ministers;
3. The General Secretariat;
4. The Commission of Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration.
The Assembly of Heads of State and Government
Article VIII
The Assembly of Heads of State and Government shall be the supreme organ of the Organization. It shall, subject to the provisions of this Charter, discuss matters of common concern to Africa with a view to coordinating and harmonizing the general policy of the Organization. It may in addition review the structure, functions and acts of all the organs and any specialized agencies which may be created in accordance with the present Charter.
Article IX
The Assembly shall be composed of the Heads of State and Government or their duly accredited representatives and it shall meet at least once a year. At the request of any Member State and on approval by a two-thirds majority of the Member States, the Assembly shall meet in extraordinary session.
Article X
1. Each Member State shall have one vote.
2. All resolutions shall be determined by a two-thirds majority of the Members of the Organization.
3. Questions of procedure shall require a simple majority. Whether or not a question is one of procedure shall be determined by a simple majority of all Member States of the Organization.
4. Two-thirds of the total membership of the Organization shall form a quorum at any meeting of the Assembly.
Article XI
The Assembly shall have the power to determine its own rules of procedure.
The Council of Ministers
Article XII
1. The council of Ministers shall consist of Foreign Ministers or such other Ministers as are designated by the Governments of Member States.
2. The Council of Ministers shall meet at least twice a Year. When requested by any Member State and approved by two-thirds of all Member States, it shall meet in extraordinary session.
Article XIII
1. The Council of Ministers shall be responsible to the Assembly of Heads of State and Government. It shall be entrusted with the responsibility of preparing conferences of the Assembly.
2. It shall take cognisance of any matter referred to it by the Assembly. It shall be entrusted with the implementation of the decision of the Assembly of Heads of State, and Government. It shall coordinate inter-African co-operation in accordance with the instructions of the Assembly and in conformity with Article II (2) of the present Charter.
Article XIV
1. Each Member State shall have one vote.
2. All resolutions shall be determined by a simple majority of the members of the council of Ministers.
3. Two-thirds of the total membership of the Council of Ministers shall form a quorum for any meeting of the Council.
Article XV
The Council shall have the power to determine its own rules of procedure.
General Secretariat
Article XVI
There shall be an Administrative Secretary-General of the Organization, who shall be appointed by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government. The Administrative Secretary-General shall direct the affairs of the Secretariat.
Article XVII
There shall be one or more Assistant Secretaries-General of the Organization, who shall be appointed by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government.
Article XVIII
The functions and conditions of services of the Secretary-General, of the Assistant Secretaries-General and other employees of the Secretariat shall be governed by the provisions of this Charter and the regulations approved by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government.
1. In the performance of their duties the Administrative Secretary-General and the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any government or from any other authority external to the Organization. They shall refrain from any action which might reflect on their position as international officials responsible only to the Organization.
2. Each member of the Organization undertakes to respect the exclusive character of the responsibilities of the Administrative Secretary-General and the Staff and not to seek to influence them in the discharge of their responsibilities.
Commission of Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration
Article XIX
Member States pledge to settle all disputes among themselves by peaceful means and, to this end decide to establish a Commission of Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration, the composition of which and conditions of service shall be defined by a separate Protocol to be approved by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government. Said Protocol shall be regarded as forming an integral part of the present Charter.
Specialized Commissions
Article XX
The Assembly shall establish such Specialized Commissions as it may deem necessary, including the following:
1. Economic and Social Commission;
2. Educational, Scientific, Cultural and Health Commission;
3. Defence Commission。
Article XXI
Each Specialized Commission referred to in Article XX shall be composed of the Ministers concerned or other Ministers or Plenipotentiaries designated by the Governments of the States.
Article XXII
The functions of the Specialized Commissions shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the present Charter and of the regulations approved by the Council of Ministers.
The Budget
Article XXIII
The budget of the Organization prepared by the Administrative Secretary-General shall be approved by the Council of Ministers. The budget shall be provided by contributions from Member States in accordance with the scale of assessment of the United Nations; provided, however, that no Member State shall be assessed an amount exceeding twenty percent of the yearly regular budget of the Organization. The Member States agree to pay their respective contributions regularly.
Signature and Ratification of Charter
Article XXIV
1. This Charter shall be open for signature to all independent sovereign African States and shall be ratified by the signatory States in accordance with their respective constitutional processes.
2. The original instrument, done, if possible in African languages, in English and French, all texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Government of Ethiopia which shall transmit certified copies thereof to all independent sovereign African States.
3. Instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Government of Ethiopia, which shall notify all signatories of each such deposit.
Entry into Force
Article XXV
This Charter shall enter into force immediately upon receipt by the Government of Ethiopia of the instruments of ratification from two-thirds of the signatory States.
Registration of the Charter
Article XXVI
This Charter shall, after due ratification, be registered with the Secretariat of the United Nations through the Government of Ethiopia in conformity with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
Interpretation of the Charter
Article XXVII
Any question which may arise concerning the interpretation of this Charter shall be decided by a vote of two-thirds of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization.
Adhesion and Accession
Article XXVIII
1. Any independent sovereign African State may at any time notify the Administrative Secretary-General of its intention to adhere or accede to this Charter.
2. The Secretary-General shall, on receipt of such notification, communicate a copy of it to all the Member States. Admission shall be decided by a simple majority of the Member States. The decision of each Member State shall be transmitted to the Administrative Secretary-General, who shall, upon receipt of the required number of votes, communicate the decision to the State concerned.
Miscellaneous
Article XXIX
The working languages of the Organization and all its institutions shall be, if possible African languages, English and French.
Article XXX
The Secretary-General may accept, on behalf of the Organization gifts, bequests and other donations made to the Organization, provided that this is approved by the Council of Ministers.
Article XXXI
The Council of Ministers shall decide on the privileges and immunities to be accorded to the personnel of the Secretariat in the respective territories of the Member States.
Cessation of Membership
Article XXXII
Any State which desires to renounce its membership shall forward a written notification to the Secretary-General. At the end of one year from the date of such notification, if not withdrawn, the Charter shall cease to apply with respect to the renouncing State, which shall thereby cease to belong to the Organization.
Amendment of the Charter
Article XXXIII
This Charter may be amended or revised if any Member State makes a written request to the Secretary-General to that effect; provided, however, that the proposed amendment is not submitted to the Assembly for consideration until all the Member States have been duly notified of it and a period of one year has elapsed. Such an amendment shall not be effective unless approved by at least two-thirds of all the Member States.
IN FAITH WHERE OF, We, the Heads of African State and Government, have signed this Charter.
States Parties
As at 12 May 2000
Note: (1) Morocco, one of the original signatories to the Charter, withdrew from the OAU and its obligations in 1984, subsequent to the admission of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. (2) The dates of ratification/accession for a number of States are not available.
Source: OAU General Secretariat, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and its Permanent Delegation to the Office of the United Nations in Geneva.
【注释】
[1]资料来源: http://www.africa-union.org。
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