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刑事案件中的受害人非财产损失分析

时间:2023-07-16 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:在法国,严重侵犯他人人格权的行为既是一种刑事罪过,也是一种民事侵权过错,侵害人必须依法对受害人的损害承担责任。因此,在法国,侵犯他人的身体的完整性,无论是故意的还是过失的,均可产生侵权过错并导致有形的和无形的精神损害。该条款表明,法国对遭受犯罪行为侵害的受害人赋予其非财产损害赔偿的请求权。而且在此类刑事案件中,对于受害人的保护不止于侵权行为的直接受害人,对于间接受害人也给予非财产损害的赔偿。

刑事案件中的受害人非财产损失分析

在法国,严重侵犯他人人格权的行为既是一种刑事罪过,也是一种民事侵权过错,侵害人必须依法对受害人的损害承担责任。从传统上来说,对人身的完整性所进行的侵犯有谋杀、强奸、故意或过失伤害等。随着社会经济的发展,侵犯他人人格权的行为日趋增多,法国司法逐渐将众多形式的侵犯行为看作是符合《法国民法典》第1382条要求的民事侵权行为,并因此而产生侵权损害赔偿责任。因此,在法国,侵犯他人的身体的完整性,无论是故意的还是过失的,均可产生侵权过错并导致有形的和无形的精神损害。[233]《法国刑事诉讼法》第3条第2款明确规定:“凡应予以起诉的犯罪行为所导致的全部损失,包括物质上的,或精神上的在内,都可以提起民事诉讼。”该条款表明,法国对遭受犯罪行为侵害的受害人赋予其非财产损害赔偿的请求权。从另一个方面来看,该条款也实现了更好地保护国民的合法权益、打击犯罪和预防犯罪的立法目的。

在意大利,对于刑事案件的受害人,法律给予的保护是比较全面的。《意大利民法典》第2059条所规定的精神损害(danno morale)是以触犯刑法为前提的。意大利法认为,对人的身体或健康的侵害其本身就构成了一种“事件损害”(danno evento),即使在原告既没有主张《意大利民法典》第2059条所规定的“疼痛和痛苦”之损害,也没有主张《意大利民法典》第2043条所规定的金钱损失的情况下,这种“事件损害”也是可以得到补偿的。现在,对这一问题的标准表述是,“无论对主体的收入和其他方面有无消极或不利影响,他在生理或精神上的完整性的损害,即受宪法第32条保护的健康上的损害本身就是一种独立的损害形态”。换言之,对个人的心理上/生理上的完整性的侵害或损害,即构成本身可诉的损害。[234]

在我国台湾地区,无论是有关刑事方面的规定还是有关民事方面的规定,都对刑事案件受害人给予了相当程度的保护。女性在社会中是较容易受到人身侵害的一个弱势群体。台湾地区有关刑事方面的规定第221条,对于妇女以强暴,胁迫、恐吓、催眠术或其他违反其意愿之方法而与之性交者,构成强奸罪。在有关民事方面的规定上则构成侵权行为,受害人可以根据有关民事方面的规定第184条第1款及第195条第1款[235]的规定,请求财产上或非财产上的损害赔偿。而且在此类刑事案件中,对于受害人的保护不止于侵权行为的直接受害人,对于间接受害人也给予非财产损害的赔偿。比如,强奸有夫之妇,非但对于被强奸妇女应负损害赔偿责任,即被强奸妇女之夫,亦得依第184第1款及第195条第3款准用同条第1款的规定,对于加害人请求财产上或非财产上的损害赔偿。[236]

因而台湾地区的这些法律规定,即使是在世界范围内与其他法律发达国家相比较,也是相当先进、成熟的做法,值得学习与借鉴。

【注释】

[1]Winfield/Jolowicz( −Rogers)Tort 14thed.,p.3.

[2]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:4.

[3]欧洲侵权法小组.欧洲侵权法原则:文本与评注[M].于敏,谢鸿飞,译.北京:法律出版社,2009:61.

[4]关于人身伤害中的“疼痛和痛苦”,参见刘春梅.论人身伤害中“疼痛和痛苦”的赔偿制度及其借鉴[J].河北法学,2010(4).

[5]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:20.

[6]U.Magnus.Unification of Tort Law: Damages[M].Hague: Kluwer Law International,2001:7 −8.

[7]Henry Camlbell Black.Black’s Law Dictionary[M].5thed.Minnesota:West Publishing Co.,1979:999.

[8]David Kemp Q.C.Damages for Personal Injury and Death[M].7thed.London:Sweet & Maxwell Limited,1999:134.

[9]See John Munkman,Damages for Personal Injuries and Death 122(9th ed.1993).

[10]Harvey McGregor,McGregor on Damages,15thed.,1988,956.See Thompson v.Royal Mail Lines Ltd.,[1957]1 Lloyd’s List L.Rep.99(Q.B.)(Eng.).

[11]Laid down in Fetter v.Beale(1701)1 Ld.Raym.339 at 692.;Fitter v.Veal[1701]12 Mod.542.

[12]David Kemp Q.C.Damages for Personal Injury and Death[M].7thed.London: Sweet & Maxwell Limited,1999:134−135.

[13]David K.Allen.Damages in Tort[M].London:Sweet & Maxwell,2000:244.

[14]Henry Camlbell Black.Black’s Law Dictionary[M].5thed.Minnesota:West Publishing Co.,1979:999.

[15]Comment,Loss of Enjoyment of Life as a Separate Element of Damages,12 PAC.L.J.965,969 −72(1981).

[16]Estate of Pearson ex rel.Latta v.Interstate Power and Light Co.,700 N.W.2d 333(Iowa 2005).

[17]张平.论美国侵权法上的精神损害赔偿[G]//沈四宝,王军.国际商法论丛:第6卷[M].北京:法律出版社,2004:188.

[18]Compensation for Personal Injury in France by Michel Cannarsa,2.2.2.,p.19.http://www.jus.unitn.it/ cardozo/Review/2002/Cannarsa.pdf.

[19]Compensation for Personal Injury in France by Michel Cannarsa,2.2.2.,p.19.http://www.jus.unitn.it/ cardozo/Review/2002/Cannarsa.pdf.

[20](1967)111 S.J.670.

[21]这里的实质性的赔偿金是“名义性的赔偿金”的对称。在原告蒙受了损害但无法证明损害的程度的情况下,英国法院判给的赔偿金只能是名义性的,承认其遭受了损害,但只给予很少的一点钱作为赔偿金。

[22]John Cooke.Law of Tort[M].5thed.Beijing:Law Press,2003:359.

[23]David Kemp Q.C.Damages for Personal Injury and Death[M].7thed.London:Sweet & Maxwell Limited,1999:134.

[24]Rourke v.Bardon[1982]C.L.Y.793.

[25]Thompson v.Royal Mail Lines[1957]1 Lloyd’s Rep.99.

[26]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:173,fn.1029.

[27]Restatement of the Law,Second,Torts § 905,Comments and Illustrations.

[28]Restatement of the Law,Second,Torts § 905,Illustration 3.

[29]Young B.Smith & William L.Prosser,Cases and Materials on Torts 617(1952).

[30]Smith v.Pittsburg,Fort Wayne & Chicago Ry.Co.,23 Ohio St.10,18 −19(1872).

[31]Capelouto v.Kaiser Found Hosps.,500 P.2d 880,883(Cal.1972).

[32]Fantozzi v.Sandusky Cement Prods.Co.,597 N.E.2d 474,484(Ohio 1992).

[33]Compensation for Personal Injury in France by Michel Cannarsa,2.2.1.1.,p.16.http://www.jus.unitn.it/ cardozo/Review/2002/Cannarsa.pdf.

[34]John Cooke.Law of Tort[M].5thed.Beijing:Law Press,2003:359.

[35]Administration of Justice Act 1982 s1(b).根据该法案的规定,“预期寿命的丧失”已不再是一个独立的损害种类。

[36]John Cooke.Law of Tort[M].5thed.Beijing:Law Press,2003:359.

[37]Hicks v.Chief Constable of South Yorkshire[1992]2 All E.R.65.

[38][1992]P.I.Q.R.P.43.;and See[1992]2 All E.R.65,H.L.

[39]The Law Reform(Miscellaneous Provisions)Act 1934.

[40]W.V.Horton Rogers(ed.),Damages for Non-Pecuniary Loss in a Comparative Perspective,Springer Wien New York,2001,p.63.但是,在美国,即使死者在事故发生时就死亡了,其在死前遭受的痛苦也可以得到补偿。许多法院准许陪审团对死者在受到的伤害前的恐惧给予高额的损害赔偿金,即使该种恐惧仅仅持续了几秒钟,如死者在飞机起飞或降落时发生的爆炸中感受到的恐惧。参见:[美]文森特·R.约翰逊.美国侵权法[M].赵秀文,等,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004:65.

[41][1992]The Times,19 June,C.A.

[42]Restatement of the Law,Second,Torts § 905,Comments & Illustrations.

[43][美]爱德华·J.柯恩卡.侵权法[M].第二版(美国法精要·影印本).北京:法律出版社,1999:306−307.

[44]Restatement of the Law,Second,Torts § 910.

[45]Restatement of the Law,Second,Torts § 910,Illustration 1.

[46]Restatement of the Law,Second,Torts § 924.

[47]贺光辉.产品责任精神损害赔偿问题探析[J].理论学刊,2006(1).

[48]谷东芳.中美产品责任损害赔偿的比较[J].法律适用,2006(9).

[49]Mich.Comp.Laws § 600.2922(6)(1989)(只在受害人清醒的状态下,裁定“疼痛和痛苦”的赔偿金)。Utah Code Ann.§ 78 −11 −12(1989)(same);Wyo.Stat.§ 1 −38 −102(1989).(对死者的“疼痛和痛苦”做出裁定,并不是确定的损害的组成部分)。

[50]U.Magnus.Unification of Tort Law: Damages[M].Hague:Kluwer Law International,2001.Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998.Compensation for Personal Injury in France by Michel Cannarsa,http://www.jus.unitn.it/cardozo/Review/2002/ Cannarsa.pdf.

[51]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:173.

[52]U.Magnus.Unification of Tort Law: Damages[M].Hague:Kluwer Law International,2001:148.

[53]U.Magnus.Unification of Tort Law: Damages[M].Hague:Kluwer Law International,2001:12.

[54]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:175,fn.1044.

[55]Compensation for Personal Injury in France by Michel Cannarsa,2.2.1.3.,p.18.http://www.jus.unitn.it/ cardozo/Review/2002/Cannarsa.pdf.

[56]Compensation for Personal Injury in France by Michel Cannarsa,2.2.1.3.,p.17.http://www.jus.unitn.it/ cardozo/Review/2002/Cannarsa.pdf.

[57]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:175,fn.1045.

[58]U.Magnus.Unification of Tort Law: Damages[M].Hague:Kluwer Law International,2001:81.

[59]Compensation for Personal Injury in France by Michel Cannarsa,2.2.2.,p.19.http://www.jus.unitn.it/ cardozo/Review/2002/Cannarsa.pdf.

[60]张民安.现代法国侵权责任制度研究[M].第二版.北京:法律出版社,2007:126.

[61]Compensation for Personal Injury in France by Michel Cannarsa,2.2.2.,p.18.http://www.jus.unitn.it/ cardozo/Review/2002/Cannarsa.pdf.

[62]韩赤风.非财产损害赔偿制度的一次历史性变革——论《德国民法典》抚慰金条款的新近调整及其意义[J].北京师范大学学报:社会科学版,2007(2).

[63]韩赤风.精神损害赔偿制度的划时代变革——《德国民法典》抚慰金条款的调整及其意义与启示[J].比较法研究,2007(2).

[64]OGH 13 July 1988,JBL 1989 pp.41 −42.quoted from Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:73,fn 361.

[65]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:73.

[66]Bourhill v.Young,SC 1941 pp.395,407.,quoted from Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:74,fn 364.

[67]Hinz v.Berry[1970]2 QB 40(CA).

[68]Soutar v.Mulhern SC 1907 p.723.

[69]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:74,fn 367.

[70]OGH 16 June 1994,ZVR 1995/46 p.116.quoted from Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:74,fn 368.

[71]BGH 30 Apr.1991,BGHZ 114 p.284.quoted from Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:74,fn 369.

[72]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:74,fn 370.

[73]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:74 −75.

[74]OLG Munich 9 Feb.1995,NJW 1995 p.2422.

[75]BGH 30 May 1995,NJW 1995 pp.2412,2413.

[76]OLG Düsseldorf 13 Jan.1994,NJW-RR 1995 p.159.

[77]See McMahon/Binchy,Irish Law of Torts,2ndedn.pp.407 −409.

[78]RL 31 Oct.1984,CJ IX(1984 −4)p.155.;cf.Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:84.

[79]E(A Minor)v.Dorset County Council[1994]4 All ER 640,660(per Evans LJ).

[80]Meah v.McCreamer(No.1)[1985]1 All ER 367(Woolf J).;Meah v.McCreamer(No.1)[1986]1 All ER 943(Woolf J).

[81]Décret n° 88 −523 of 5 May 1988,modified by Décret n° 95 −408 of 18 April 1995.

[82]Compensation for Personal Injury in France by Michel Cannarsa,2.2.2.p.19.http://www.jus.unitn.it/ cardozo/Review/2002/Cannarsa.pdf.

[83]BGH 25 Sep.1970,VersR 1970 p.1107.

[84]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:87.

[85]OLG Hamm 20 Dec.1977,VersR 1979 p.579.

[86]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:88.

[87]罗丽.日本抚慰金赔偿制度[J].外国法译评,2000(1).

[88]David Kemp Q.C.Damages for Personal Injury and Death[M].7th ed.London:Sweet & Maxwell Limited,1999:138 −139.

[89]See Stuart Speiser,Charles Krause & Alfred Gans,The American Law of Torts 70(1990).

[90]Compensation for Personal Injury in France by Michel Cannarsa,2.2.1.5.,p.18.http://www.jus.unitn.it/cardozo/Review/2002/Cannarsa.pdf.

[91]See Cook v.J.L.Keir & Co.,[1970]1 W.L.R.774,775 −76(Eng.C.A.)(在该案中,对于味觉和嗅觉的丧失裁定了损害赔偿金).

[92]See Cook v.J.L.Keir & Co.,[1970]1 W.L.R.776(Eng.C.A.)(该案判决称,人身伤害的后果包括性无能).

[93]Harvey McGregor,McGregor on Damages 959(15th ed.1988).

[94]王军,刘春梅.英国人身伤害之非金钱损失赔偿制度研究——兼论对我国相关制度的构建[J].北方法学,2009(1).本书引述内容见该文第21页。该文已被中国人民大学“复印报刊资料”《民商法学》2009年第5期全文转载,见该刊物第31−40页。

[95](1967)112 S.J.32.

[96]Hoffman v.Sofaer[1982]1 W.L.R.1350 at 1353 C.

[97]Ichard v.Frangoulis[1977]1 W.L.R.556.

[98]per Birkett L.J.in Manley v.Rugby Portland Cement Co.Ltd,a decision of the Court of Appeal in 1951.

[99]David Kemp Q.C.Damages for Personal Injury and Death[M].7thed.London:Sweet & Maxwell Limited,1999:139 −140.See e.g.Hughes v.McKeown[1985]1 W.L.R.963.

[100]Hale v.London Underground[1993]P.I.Q.R.Q30 at Q39.

[101]David K.Allen.Damages in Tort[M].London:Sweet & Maxwell,2000:249.

[102]See Harvey McGregor,McGregor on Damages 962(15th ed.1988).

[103][1991]2 Med.L.R.419.

[104]David K.Allen.Damages in Tort[M].London:Sweet & Maxwell,2000:245.

[105]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:174.

[106]Compensation for Personal Injury in France by Michel Cannarsa,2.2.1.7.,p.19.http://www.jus.unitn.it/ cardozo/Review/2002/Cannarsa.pdf.

[107]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:176,fn.1047.

[108]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:175.

[109]Basil S.Markesinis and Hannes Unberath.The German Law of Torts: A Comparative Treaties[M].4thed.Oxford and Portland,Oregon:Hart Publishing,2002:921.

[110]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:170.

[111]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:175,fn 1041.

[112]Compensation for Personal Injury in France by Michel Cannarsa,2.2.1.5.,p.18.http://www.jus.unitn.it/ cardozo/Review/2002/Cannarsa.pdf.

[113]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:175,fn.1040.

[114]David Kemp Q.C.Damages for Personal Injury and Death[M].7th ed.London:Sweet & Maxwell Limited,1999:138 −139.

[115]“Damages for Non-Pecuniary Loss” Law Com.Consultation Paper No.140(1995)at 2.14.

[116]David K.Allen.Damages in Tort[M].London:Sweet & Maxwell,2000:246.(www.xing528.com)

[117]David Kemp.Damages for Personal Injury and Death[M].London:Sweet & Maxwell Limited,1999:140.

[118]See Burke v.United States,605 F.Supp.981(D.Md.1985).

[119]See Cramer,Carleton R.Cramer,Comment,Loss of Enjoyment of Life as a Separate Element of Damages,12 Pac.L.J.966(1981).

[120]Simms v.Progressive Ins.Co.,883 So.2d 473(La.Ct.App.2d Cir.2004),reh’g denied,(Oct.21,2004).

[121]关于美国人身伤害与不法致死之诉中的享乐损害赔偿的具体内容,参见:刘春梅.美国人身伤害之诉中享乐损害赔偿制度研究[J].河北法学,2009(9).刘春梅.美国不法致死之诉中享乐损害赔偿制度研究[J].晋中学院学报,2009(4).

[122]Sherrod v.Berry,629 F.Supp.159,163(N.D.Ill.1985),rev’d and remanded on other grounds,856 F.2d 802(7th Cir.1988).

[123]Kyle R.Crowe.The Semantical Bifurcation of Non-Economic Loss: Should Hedonic Damages Be Recognized Independently of Pain and Suffering Damage[J].Iowa Law Review,1990(7).

[124]Kyle R.Crowe.The Semantical Bifurcation of Non-Economic Loss: Should Hedonic Damages Be Recognized Independently of Pain and Suffering Damage[J].Iowa Law Review,1990(7).

[125]Haynes v.Waterville & Oakland St.Ry.,64 A.614,615(Me.1906).

[126]Haeussler v.Consol.Stone & Sand Co.,127 A.602,604(N.J.1925).

[127]Bennett v.Lembo,761 A.2d 494,498(N.H.2000).

[128]Canfield v.Sandock,563 N.E.2d 1279,1282(Ind.1990);Flannery v.United States,297 S.E.2d 433,436,438(W.Va.1982).

[129]Schindler Elevator Corp.v.Anderson,78 S.W.3d 392(Tex.App.2001),vacated on settlement,Docket No.02 −0426(May 22,2003).

[130]Wise v.Kaye[1962]1 QB 638(CA).;H.West v.Shepard[1964]AC 326(HL).

[131]Harvey McGregor.McGregor on Damages[M].15thed.London:Sweet & Maxwell,1988:956 −958.

[132]John Cooke.Law of Tort[M].5th ed.Beijing:Law Press,2003:359.

[133][1980]A.C.174 at 188.

[134][1962]1 Q.B.638;[1962]2 W.L.R.96;[1962]1 All E.R.257,C.A.

[135][1962]2 W.L.E.,JAN.19,1962 THE WEEKLY LAW EEPOETS,p.99.

[136][1962]2 W.L.E.,JAN.19,1962 THE WEEKLY LAW EEPOETS, p.105.

[137][1964]2 A.C.326,349(U.K.).

[138][1964]A.C.326.

[139][1980]A.C.174,188(U.K.).

[140]See H.Street,Principal of Law of Damage,63(1975).

[141]David Kemp Q.C.Damages for Personal Injury and Death[M].7th ed.London:Sweet & Maxwell Limited,1999:138 −139.

[142]Lang v.City of Des Moines,294 N.W.2d 557,562(Iowa 1980).

[143]See Andrews v.Freeborough,[1967]1 Q.B.1,13 −14(Eng.C.A.1966).,Schlichte v.Franklin Toy Trucks,265 N.W.2d 725,728(Iowa 1978).

[144]297 S.E.2d 433(W.Va.1982),rev’d 718 F.2d 108 −11(4th Cir.1983),cert.denied,467 U.S.1226(1984).

[145]McDougald v.Garber,135 A.D.2d 80,524 N.Y.S.2d 192 −200(1988),aff’d and modified,73 N.Y.2d 246,536 N.E.2d 372,538 N.Y.S.2d 937(1989).

[146]对于“享乐损害赔偿金”的更多的批判,See,Victor E.Schwartz & Cary Silverman,Hedonic Damages: The Rapidly Bubbling Cauldron,69 Brook.L.Rev.1037(2004).作者在文中称,享乐损害赔偿金是有问题的,特别是在作为一种独立的裁决额类型的时候会导致超额的赔偿。

[147]Keene v.Brigham & Women’s Hosp.,Inc.,775 N.E.2d 739(Mass.App.Ct.),review granted,777 N.E.2d 1263(Mass.2002).

[148]David Kemp.Damages for Personal Injury and Death[M].London:Sweet & Maxwell Limited,1999:135.

[149]183 Conn.448,449 −52,439 A.2d 408 −16(1981).

[150]245 Kan.325,778 P.2d 823 −39(1989).

[151]Rufino v.United States,829 F.2d 354,356(2d Cir.1987).

[152]Gregory v.Carey,791 P.2d 1329 −34(Kan.1990).

[153]See Comment,Establishing Recovery for Loss of Enjoyment of Life Apart from Conscious Pain and Suffering: McDougald v.Garber,62 St.John’s L.Rev.,at 342(1988).

[154]Nemmers v.United States,681 F.Supp.567 −76(C.D.Ill.1988).

[155]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:18,fn.103 −109.

[156]U.Magnus.Unification of Tort Law: Damages[M].London:Kluwer Law International,2001:103.

[157]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:176.

[158]BGH 12.5.1998,VersR 1998,p.1035.;quoted from Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:23,fn.104.

[159]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:22.

[160]Cass.Civ.2e,22 février.1995.转引自:张民安.现代法国侵权责任制度研究[M].第二版.北京:法律出版社,2007:63−64.

[161]张民安.现代法国侵权责任制度研究[M].第二版.北京:法律出版社,2007:63.

[162]Compensation for Personal Injury in France by Michel Cannarsa,2.2.1.3.,p.17.http://www.jus.unitn.it/ cardozo/Review/2002/Cannarsa.pdf.

[163]U.Magnus(ed.),Unification of Tort Law: Damages,Kluwer Law International,Printed in Great Britain,2001,p.86.

[164]Compensation for Personal Injury in France by Michel Cannarsa,2.2.3.,p.20.http://www.jus.unitn.it/ cardozo/Review/2002/Cannarsa.pdf.

[165]U.Magnus(ed.),Unification of Tort Law: Damages,Kluwer Law International,Printed in Great Britain,2001:22 −23.

[166]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:22 −23,fn.103,106,107,108.

[167]张民安.现代法国侵权责任制度研究[M].第二版.北京:法律出版社,2007:64.

[168]Cour d’ appel de Bordeaux,18 April 1991.转引自:张民安.现代法国侵权责任制度研究[M].第二版.北京:法律出版社,2007:64.

[169]张民安.现代法国侵权责任制度研究[M].第二版.北京:法律出版社,2007:64.

[170][意]彼德罗·彭梵得.罗马法教科书[M].黄风,译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1992:30−31.

[171]王泽鉴.民法学说与判例研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003:281−282.

[172]张曙光.法律应保护胎儿生命健康权益[J].法学研究,2002(6).

[173]从恩霖.伊斯兰教学者对于堕胎的教法主张[J].中国穆斯林,2006(6).转引自:冯军.生命权的保护[G]//王家福.人身权与法治[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2007:298.

[174]参见我国台湾地区1977年台上字第2759号判例。

[175]曾隆兴.详解损害赔偿法[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:29.

[176]曾隆兴.详解损害赔偿法[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:30.

[177]曾隆兴.详解损害赔偿法[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:29.

[178]联邦最高普通法院案例[J].新法学周刊,1993:781(BGH,NJW 1993,781).转引自:[德]马克西米利安·福克斯.侵权行为法[M].第五版.齐晓琨,译.北京:法律出版社,2004:228.

[179][德]马克西米利安·福克斯.侵权行为法[M].第五版.齐晓琨,译.北京:法律出版社,2004:229.

[180]参见联邦最高普通法院民事判例集8第243页(BGHZ 8,243)。转引自:[德]马克西米利安·福克斯.侵权行为法[M].第五版.齐晓琨,译.北京:法律出版社,2004:14.

[181][德]马克西米利安·福克斯.侵权行为法[M].第五版.齐晓琨,译.北京:法律出版社,2004:14−15.

[182]Yvonne Lambert-Faivre,p.12.转引自:张民安.现代法国侵权责任制度研究[M].第二版.北京:法律出版社,2007:62.

[183]Yvonne Lambert-Faivre,p.13.转引自:张民安.现代法国侵权责任制度研究[M].第二版.北京:法律出版社,2007:62.

[184]C.Cass.civ.1 re,26 March,1996.转引自:张民安.现代法国侵权责任制度研究[M].第二版.北京:法律出版社,2007:62−63.

[185]H.A.Cousy and Anja Vanderspikken,Damages under Belgian Law,from U.Magnus.Unification of Tort Law: Damages[M].London:Kluwer Law International,2001:31.

[186]刘士国.现代侵权损害赔偿研究[M].北京:法律出版社,1998:177.

[187]于敏.日本侵权行为法中的抚慰金制度研究[J].外国法译评,1998(2).

[188]参见我国台湾地区1977年台上字第2759号判例。

[189]曾隆兴.详解损害赔偿法[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:30.

[190]曾隆兴.详解损害赔偿法[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:30.

[191][日]加藤一郎.不法行为.228,229.转引自:曾隆兴.详解损害赔偿法[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:30.

[192]H.A.Cousy and Anja Vanderspikken,Damages under Belgian Law,from U.Magnus.Unification of Tort Law: Damages[M].London:Kluwer Law International,2001:31.

[193]东京高等裁判所1988年3月31日判决[N].判例时报:3.于敏.日本侵权行为法[M].第二版.北京:法律出版社,2006:370.

[194][日]千种达夫.生命侵害と幼儿及び精神病者の慰谢料,人的损害赔偿の研究(上).180.转引自:曾隆兴.详解损害赔偿法[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:30.

[195]曾隆兴.详解损害赔偿法[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:29.

[196]史尚宽.债法总论.1983:210.转引自:曾世雄.非财产上之损害赔偿[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001:294−295.

[197]Lete del Rio.Derecho de la Persona.2nded.188.quated from Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:61.

[198]L.Frumer & M.Friedman,Personal Injury: Actions,Defenses,Damages §§13 −14(1984).

[199]根据《遗存诉因法》,一旦侵权受害人享有诉因,这种诉因不会因其死亡而消灭。受害人遗产的执行人或者管理人可以起诉要求获得受害人原本可能获得的救济,同时其也受制于受害人若活着时可能对其提出的同样的抗辩。这意味着,在遗存诉因之诉中,继承人可以获得直到受害人死亡之日其所遭受的“疼痛和痛苦”、收入的损失以及任何其他伤害的救济赔偿金。

[200]Murphy v.Martin Oil Co.,56 Ill.2d 423,308 N.E.2d 583(Ill.1974).

[201]潘维大.英美侵权行为法案例解析[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005:282−283.

[202]Schlichte v.Franklin Toy Trucks,265 N.W.2d 725,728(Iowa 1978).

[203]Willinger v.Mercy Catholic Med.Ctr.,393 A.2d 1188,1191(Pa.1978).

[204]Clement v.Consolidated Rail Corp.,Civ.No.88 −3793,WESTLAW Screen *14(D.N.J.Sept.22,1989)(WESTLAW,Allfeds database).

[205]Payne v.Eighth Judicial District Ct.,60 P.3d 469,472 −73(Mont.2002).

[206]McDavid v.United States,584 S.E.2d 226(W.Va.2003).

[207]Dan B.Dobbs.The Law of Torts:Volume 2[M].Minnesota:West Group,2001:805.

[208]Estate of Pearson ex rel.Latta v.Interstate Power and Light Co.,700 N.W.2d 333(Iowa 2005).

[209]Clark v.G.B.Cooley Service,813 So.2d 1273(La.Ct.App.2d Cir.2002).

[210]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:66.

[211][德]马克西米利安·福克斯.侵权行为法[M].第五版.齐晓琨,译.北京:法律出版社,2004:227 −228.

[212]《德国民法典》原第847条第1款(抚慰金条款)规定,在侵害身体、健康以及剥夺自由的情形下,受害人也可由于非财产损害而请求合理的金钱赔偿(即抚慰金)。该条款被称为“开创近现代大陆法系关于非财产损害金钱赔偿具体规定之先河”,2002年德国债法改革时被废止,其主要内容被纳入民法典第253条第2款。

[213][德]马克西米利安·福克斯.侵权行为法[M].第五版.齐晓琨,译.北京:法律出版社,2004:227.

[214]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:68,fn 332.

[215]See Andrews v.Freeborough,[1967]1 Q.B.1,13 −14(Eng.C.A.1966).

[216]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:67,fn.330.

[217]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:25,fn 126.

[218]日本民法第709条规定:“因故意或过失侵害他人权利者,负有赔偿因此发生的损害之责。”

[219]日本民法第710条规定:“无论是侵害他人身体、自由或名誉情形,还是侵害他人财产情形,依前条规定应负赔偿责任者,对财产以外的损害,亦应赔偿。”

[220]日本民法第711条规定:“侵害他人生命的,对于受害人的父母、配偶及子女,虽未害及财产权,亦应赔偿损害。”

[221]罗丽.日本的抚慰金赔偿制度[J].外国法译评,2000(1).

[222]于敏.日本侵权行为法中的抚慰金制度研究[J].外国法译评,1998(2).

[223][日]圆谷峻.判例形成的日本新侵权行为法[M].赵莉,译.北京:法律出版社,2008:247.

[224][日]圆谷峻.判例形成的日本新侵权行为法[M].赵莉,译.北京:法律出版社,2008:208.

[225]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:66,fn 323.

[226]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:66.

[227]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:66.

[228]曾隆兴.详解损害赔偿法[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:176.

[229]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:66,fn 324.

[230]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:66.

[231]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:66 −67.

[232]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:68.

[233]Viney,Conditions,pp.317 −321,Goubeaux,pp.244 −247;Walter van Gerven Jereny Lever,Pierre Larouche Christion Von Bar Genevieve Viney,Torts,ibid,p.183.转引自:张民安.现代法国侵权责任制度研究[M].第二版.北京:法律出版社,2007:64.

[234]Christian Von Bar.The Common European Law of Torts:Volume Two[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:24.

[235]我国台湾地区有关民事方面的规定第195条第1款前段:“不法侵害他人之身体、健康、名誉、自由、信用、隐私、贞操或不法侵害其他人格法益而情节重大者,被害人虽非财产上之损害,亦得请求赔偿相当之金额。”

[236]曾隆兴.详解损害赔偿法[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:28.

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