学校咨询项目的关系处理与决策者的意义

（一）建立综合的学校咨询项目

通过研究发现，美国建立综合咨询项目是由于认识到需要在学校开展这样一个系统化的项目，既要关注学生的学业成绩，又要关注学生的心理、个人素质和道德、社会责任感的发展，培养一个全面发展的人。

（二）学校咨询项目的模式和实施机制

在确定学校综合咨询项目的基础上，制定学校咨询模式和标准，明确学校顾问必须恪守的道德准则和规范。然后，策划学校综合咨询项目的实施路径，通过开发指导课程、积极服务、商榷、个人规划等途径对学生提供直接的咨询和间接的指导服务，并充分调动社会力量的参与。比如，社区资源、社区机构、精神病方面的医生和护士等。为学校综合咨询项目的实施创立一个生态项目环境，使咨询项目更好地为学生服务，根据咨询的评估结果，达到咨询项目的进一步更新。

（三）正确处理决策者与实施者的关系

通过对美国学校董事会咨询政策的研究发现，学校董事会是政策的制定者，学校顾问是学校咨询项目的实施者，二者在咨询项目的制定和实施方面既有一定的一致性，也有冲突和分歧，这就要求在学校咨询项目的制定和实施过程中，要正确处理学校层面的政策制定者与项目执行者之间的关系。

【注释】

[1]Megyn L.Shea.School Board Member and School Counselor Perceptions of School Board Knowledge，Priorities，and Policy.Oregon State University，2013：2.

[2]American School Counselor Association.Ethical Standards for School Counselors.http：//www.schoolcounselor.org/asca/media/asca/home/ Ethical Standards2010.pdf，2016-09-19.

[3]Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs.2009 Standards.http：//www.cacrep.org/doc/2009%20Standards% 20with%20 cover.pdf，2016-09-13.

[4]American School Counselor Association.Ethical Standards for School Counselors.http：//www.schoolcounselor.org/asca/media/asca/home/Ethical Standards 2010.pdf，2016-09-19.

[5]American School Counselor Association.Ethical Standards for School Counselors.http：//www.schoolcounselor.org/asca/media/asca/home/Ethical Standards 2010.pdf，2016-09-19.

[6]North Carolina State Department of Public Instruction.Guidance Curriculum for the Comprehensive School Counseling Program，K-12.http：//www.ncpublicschools.org/docs/curriculum/guidance/resources/programs-study.pdf，2016-10-11

[7]American School Counselor Association.Ethical Standards for School Counselors.http：//www.schoolcounselor.org/asca/media/asca/home/Ethical Standards 2010.pdf，2016-09-19.

[8]Trish Hatch，Stuart F.Chen-Hayes.“School Counselor Beliefs about ASCA National Model School Counseling Program Components Using the SCPCS”.Professional School Counseling，2008 （1）：34-42.

[9]Joy J.Burnham，Carol A.Dahir，Carolyn B.Stone，Lisa M.Hooper.“The Development and Exploration of the Psychometric Properties of the Assessment of School Counselor Needs for Professional Development Survey”.Research in the Schools，2008 （1）：51-63.

[10]Megyn L.Shea.School Board Member and School Counselor Perceptions of School Board Knowledge，Priorities，and Policy.Oregon State University，2013：24-26.

[11]Janna L.Scarborough.“The School Counselor Activity Rating Scale：An Instrument for Gathering Process Data”.Professional School Counseling，2005（3）：274-283.

[12]Utah State Board of Education.Utah Comprehensive Counseling and Guidance Program Model.http：//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED370005.pdf，2016-09-25.

[13]American School Counselor Association.The ASCA National Model：A Framework for School Counseling.http：//www.fultonschools.org/en/divisions/acd/supportserv/Documents/Counseling/Model Executive Summary.pdf，2016-09-15.

[14]Franciene S.Sabens，Brett Zyromski.Aligning School Counselors，Comprehensive School Counseling Programs，and the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.http：//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ886145.pdf，2016-10-11.

[15]North Carolina State Department of Public Instruction.Guidance Curriculum for the Comprehensive School Counseling Program，K-12.http：//www.ncpublicschools.org/docs/curriculum/guidance/resources/programs-study.pdf，2016-10-11.

[16]Utah State Board of Education.Utah Comprehensive Counseling and Guidance Program Model.http：//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED370005.pdf，2016-09-25.

[17]Utah State Board of Education.Utah Comprehensive Counseling and Guidance Program Model.http：//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED370005.pdf，2016-09-25.

[18]Utah State Board of Education.Utah Comprehensive Counseling and Guidance Program Model.http：//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED370005.pdf，2016-09-25.

[19]Utah State Board of Education.Utah Comprehensive Counseling and Guidance Program Model.http：//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED370005.pdf，2016-09-25.

[20]Utah State Board of Education.Utah Comprehensive Counseling and Guidance Program Model.http：//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED370005.pdf，2016-09-25.

[21]Utah State Board of Education.Utah Comprehensive Counseling and Guidance Program Model.http：//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED370005.pdf，2016-09-25.

[22]Connecticut School Counselor Association，Connecticut Association for Counselor Education and Supervision，Connecticut State Department of Education.Connecticut Comprehensive School Counseling Program.http：//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED469351.pdf，2016-10-24.

[23]Carol Morgan.“A Curricular Approach to Primary Prevention”.The Personnel and Guidance Journal，1984 （8）：467-469.

[24]Utah State Board of Education.Utah Comprehensive Counseling and Guidance Program Model.http：//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED370005.pdf，2016-09-25.

[25]L.DiAnne Borders，Sandra M.Drury.“Comprehensive School Counseling Programs：A Review for Policymakers and Practitioners”.Journal of Counseling and Development，1992 （4）：492.

[26]C.J.Meade，M.K.Hamilton，R.K.Yuen.“Consultation Research：The Time Has Come，the Walrus Said”.The Counseling Psychologist，1982 （4）：39-51.

[27]North Carolina State Department of Public Instruction.Guidance Curriculum for the Comprehensive School Counseling Program，K-12.http：//www.ncpublicschools.org/docs/curriculum/guidance/resources/programs-study.pdf，2016-10-11.

[28]Utah State Board of Education.Utah Comprehensive Counseling and Guidance Program Model .http：//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED370005.pdf，2016-09-25.

[29]Utah State Board of Education.Utah Comprehensive Counseling and Guidance Program Model.http：//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED370005.pdf，2016-09-25.

[30]Utah State Board of Education.Utah Comprehensive Counseling and Guidance Program Model.http：//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED370005.pdf，2016-09-25.

[31]Ian Martin，John Carey，Karen DeCoster.“A National Study of the Current Status of State School Counseling Models”.Professional School Counseling，2009 （5）：378-386.

[32]L.DiAnne Borders，Sandra M.Drury.“Comprehensive School Counseling Programs：A Review for Policymakers and Practitioners”.Journal of Counseling and Development，1992 （4）：491.(www.xing528.com)

[33]Norman C.Gysbers，Patricia Henderson.Comprehensive Guidance and Counseling Program Evaluation：Program + Personnel=Results.http：//file.upi.edu/Direktori/FIP/JUR._PEND._LUAR_SEKOLAH/195608101981011-D._NUNU_HERYANTO/comprehensive_guidance_and_conselling_evaluation_program.PDF，2016-09-23.

[34]Utah State Board of Education.Utah Comprehensive Counseling and Guidance Program Model.http：//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED370005.pdf，2016-09-25.

[35]North Carolina State Department of Public Instruction.Guidance Curriculum for the Comprehensive School Counseling Program，K-12.http：//www.ncpublicschools.org/docs/ curriculum/guidance/resources/programs-study.pdf，2016-10-11.

[36]North Carolina State Department of Public Instruction.Guidance Curriculum for the Comprehensive School Counseling Program，K-12.http：//www.ncpublicschools.org/docs/curriculum/guidance/resources/programs-study.pdf，2016-10-11.

[37]L.DiAnne Borders，Sandra M.Drury.“Comprehensive School Counseling Programs：A Review for Policymakers and Practitioners”.Journal of Counseling and Development，1992 （4）：493.

[38]L.DiAnne Borders，Sandra M.Drury.“Comprehensive School Counseling Programs：A Review for Policymakers and Practitioners”.Journal of Counseling and Development，1992 （4）：494.

[39]J.Carey，K.Harrington.Utah Comprehensive Counseling and Guidance Program Evaluation Report.http：//schools.utah.gov/cte/documents/guidance/publications/Research_UtahSchoolCounselingEvaluation.pdf，2016-11-05.

[40]Utah State Board of Education.Utah Comprehensive Counseling and Guidance Program Model.http：//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED370005.pdf，2016-09-25.

[41]L.DiAnne Borders，Sandra M.Drury.“Comprehensive School Counseling Programs：A Review for Policymakers and Practitioners”.Journal of Counseling and Development，1992 （4）：494.

[42]L.DiAnne Borders，Sandra M.Drury.“Comprehensive School Counseling Programs：A Review for Policymakers and Practitioners”.Journal of Counseling and Development，1992 （4）：491.

[43]Ian Martin，John Carey，Karen DeCoster.“A National Study of the Current Status of State School Counseling Models”.Professional School Counseling，2009 （5）：378-386.

[44]Ian Martin，John Carey，Karen DeCoster.“A National Study of the Current Status of State School Counseling Models”.Professional School Counseling，2009 （5）：378-386.

[45]Dean Miller.“How Collaboration and Research Can Affect School Counseling Practices：The Minnesota Story”，Professional School Counseling，2006 （9）：242.

[46]Ian Martin，John Carey，Karen DeCoster.“A National Study of the Current Status of State School Counseling models”.Professional School Counseling，2009 （5）：378-386.

[47]Ian Martin，John Carey，Karen DeCoster.“A National Study of the Current Status of State School Counseling models”.Professional School Counseling，2009 （5）：378-386.

[48]Connecticut School Counselor Association，Connecticut Association for Counselor Education and Supervision，Connecticut State Department of Education.Connecticut Comprehensive School Counseling Program.http：//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED469351.pdf，2016-10-24.

[49]Washington State School Directors’ Association.Serving on Your Local School Board：A Foundation for Success.http：//www.wssda.org/Portals/0/ Resources/Publications/soylsbman.pdf，2016-11-08.

[50]K.W.Gemberling，C.W.Smith，J.S.Villani.The Key Work of School Boards guidebook.http：//www.schoolinfosystem.org/archives/NSBA-Keywork Guidebook.pdf，2016-11-06.

[51]F.M.Hess，O.Meeks.School Boards Circa 2010：Governance in the Accountability Era.http：//www.nsba.org/Board-Leadership/ResourceCenter/Surveys/School-Boards-Circa-2010/School-Boards-Circa-2010-Governance-inthe-Accountability-Era.pdf，2016-11-06.

[52]Megyn L.Shea.School Board Member and School Counselor Perceptions of School Board Knowledge，Priorities，and Policy.Oregon State University，2013：28-29.

[53]National School Boards Association.Beliefs and Policies of the National School Boards Association.http：//www.nsba.org/About/Beliefs-Policies-Resolutions/BeliefsandPolicies.pdf，2016-11-06.

[54]Megyn L.Shea.School Board Member and School Counselor Perceptions of School Board Knowledge，Priorities，and Policy.Oregon State University，2013：29.

[55]Megyn L.Shea.School Board Member and School Counselor Perceptions of School Board Knowledge，Priorities，and Policy.Oregon State University，2013：29-30.

[56]American School Counselor Association.State School Counseling Mandates and Legislation.http：//www.schoolcounselor.org/content.asp？contentid=535，2016-09-14.

[57]Ian Martin，John Carey，Karen DeCoster.“A National Study of the Current Status of State School Counseling Models”.Professional School Counseling，2009 （5）：378-386.

[58]Norman C.Gysbers，Richard T.Lapan，Bruce Anthony Jones.“School Board Policies for Guidance and counseling：A Call to Action”.Professional School Counseling，2000 （5）：349-355.

[59]Megyn L.Shea.School Board Member and School Counselor Perceptions of School Board Knowledge，Priorities，and Policy.Oregon State University，2013：32-33.

[60]Megyn L.Shea.School Board Member and School Counselor Perceptions of School Board Knowledge，Priorities，and Policy.Oregon State University，2013：45-46.

[61]Megyn L.Shea.School Board Member and School Counselor Perceptions of School Board Knowledge，Priorities，and Policy.Oregon State University，2013：47-48.

[62]Megyn L.Shea.School Board Member and School Counselor Perceptions of School Board Knowledge，Priorities，and Policy.Oregon State University，2013：47-48.

[63]Washington State School Directors’ Association.Guidance and Counseling Programs.http：//www.wssda.org/Portals/0/Documents/pnlForce.pdf，2016-11-08.

[64]Megyn L.Shea.School Board Member and School Counselor Perceptions of School Board Knowledge，Priorities，and Policy.Oregon State University，2013：48.

[65]Megyn L.Shea.School Board Member and School Counselor Perceptions of School Board Knowledge，Priorities，and Policy.Oregon State University，2013：48-72.

[66]North Carolina State Department of Public Instruction.Guidance Curriculum for the Comprehensive School Counseling Program，K-12.http：//www.ncpublicschools.org/docs/curriculum/guidance/resources/programs-study.pdf.2016-10-11.

[67]Norman C.Gysbers.“Comprehensive Guidance and Counseling Programs：The Evolution of Accountability”，Professional School Counseling，2004 （1）：1-14.

[68]North Carolina State Department of Public Instruction.Guidance Curriculum for the Comprehensive School Counseling Program，K-12.http：//www.ncpublicschools.org/docs/curriculum/guidance/resources/programs-study.pdf.2016-10-11.

[69]Christopher A.Sink，Heather R.Stroh.“Raising Achievement Test Scores of Early Elementary School Students Through Comprehensive School Counseling Programs”.Professional School Counseling，2003 （5）：350-364.