(一)专业性
通过对美国城市公立中小学督学的管理活动与管理关系的研究看出,美国城市公立中小学把学校的管理权交付专家式的督学,督学在K-12教育、政府部门、高等教育管理部门、私营部门、非营利性部门的丰富工作经历(见图3-6),为督学的管理工作奠定了一定的理论和实践基础,这大大提高了督学在学校的管理效率,使得学校管理成为一个专业化的管理区域。
图3-6 2014年督学接受任命前的工作经历分布
(资料来源:The Council of the Great City Schools.Urban School Superintendents:Characteristics,Tenure,and Salary,Eighth Survey and Report.Urban Indicator,Fall 2014:2-6.)
(二)学术性
无论是美国公立中小学董事会在制定政策时,还是督学在管理学校日常运作时,学生的学术成绩都是他们共同关注的目标。他们首要关注的仍是学生的学术表现,提高学生的学术成绩,引导学生意识到学术成绩与工作的关系,增强学生的专业知识和素养。
(三)合作性
美国公立中小学董事会的主要职能是制定政策,在此基础上,董事会委托督学实施政策,督学的角色主要是负责学校的日常管理工作,董事会基于工作绩效评估督学的工作表现,双方在学校的管理中形成了有效的工作关系,彼此相互交流和沟通。学区行政部门、政客、社区组织、学校员工、地方大学、社区成员、公立学校、家长等利益相关者,与督学也建立合作的工作关系。
【注释】
[1]The Council of the Great City Schools.Annual Report 2014-2015.http://www.cgcs.org/cms/lib/DC00001581/Centricity/Domain/16/Annual%20Report% 20 final-website.pdf,2016-07-14.
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