1.（2019·长宁·二模）
A.However,EVAs don't just happen in empty space.
B.It sticks to everything,eventually causing joints and seals to fail.
C.Spacesuits also have to maintain ideal air pressure during a spacewalk.
D.Unfortunately,most people have no idea about space exploration or spacesuits.
E.Without the ability to work in space,we are unable to keep our space programs functional.
F.There are a few things that must be taken into account to make an EVA both safe and effective.
Spacewalk!
Most people don't know that the anniversary of an important event in space exploration occurred last month.On March 18,1965,spaceman Aleksi Leonov became the first human to complete an Extra Vehicular Activity(EVA)or spacewalk.It marked the first time that a human was able to leave a spacecraft and operate in the emptiness of space.It is a dangerous procedure,but one that is vital for the success of manned space missions.
(1)_________In space,a spacesuit must protect people from extreme cold and heat,provide air to breathe,and remove extra carbon dioxide.(2)_________Too much of it,and the spacesuit becomes firm and difficult to move in.Too little of it,and astronauts can become dangerously sick after returning to their spacecraft.
Astronauts now perform complex jobs in the emptiness of space in modern spacesuits.They have logged many hours repairing and upgrading equipment on satellites during EVAs.(3)_________On July 20th,1969,American astronaut Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon for the first time.There is no atmosphere on the moon,but there is gravity—about 17 percent of the earth's,which means Neil needed a special suit for walking on the moon's surface.Suits for the moon are equipped for exploration far from any vehicles,including tough boots that can resist cuts from the rough surface while walking.But sharp rocks weren't the only danger to astronauts.
The moon surface is covered with a fine and flour-like dust which consists of small particles（颗粒）left over from the numerous meteorite（陨石）strikes on the moon.（4）_________When astronauts would leave the moon's gravity，the dust on their suits began floating all over.It got into delicate equipment inside the spacecraft and the astronaut's eyes and lungs.As different space agencies plan for returning people to the moon，new EVA suit designs will have to take something else into account.Keeping astronauts safe also means keeping their suits clean.
(word count 332,readability level 11.1)
2.（2019·崇明·二模）
A.Some negative experiences on social media can and do affect some children.
B.However,some experts question claims that too much screen time is harmful.
C.He wanted to see if there was a similar effect among young people in the United States.
D.So,it is natural that parents should wonder about all the time children spend looking at a screen.
E.The researchers found no increase in risky sex or driving behaviors,use of illegal substances or eating disorders.
F.The researchers suggested that for those children,technology use might get in the way of taking part in other important activities.
Screen Time:How Much Is Too Much?
Many children spend a lot of time watching or playing with electronic media—from televisions to video games,computers and other devices.(1)_________Perhaps parents now should ease up on their concerns about screen time,at least for older boys and girls.
Until last year,the American Academy of Pediatrics(AAP)suggested that children and teenagers have no more than two hours of screen time a day.It also suggests that parents balance a child's screen time with other activities.
(2)_________Christopher Ferguson,who teaches psychology at Stetson University in Florida,notes a lack of evidence supporting reports that too many hours spent playing video games or watching TV is truly harmful.
Ferguson seems interested in one idea:the link between video games and violent or risky behavior.When he saw results from a recent British survey on screen time,he wanted to know more.The British study found a small negative effect—about a one percent increase—in aggression and depression among children who had six or more hours of screen time a day.(3)_________So,Ferguson and his team examined answers from a survey on risky behaviors.The study involved about 6,000 boys and girls in Florida,whose average age was 16.
Data from this survey found that American children are also fairly resistant to the negative effects of electronic media.Among those who used screens up to six hours a day,the survey found:a 0.5 percent increase in criminal behavior;a 1.7 percent increase in signs of depression;and a 1.2 percent negative effect on school grades.(4)_________To further argue his point that screen time is not harmful,Ferguson adds that children should become familiar with screen technology.Electronic devices,he says,are a part of our everyday lives.
(word count 301,readability level 10.7)
3.（2019·宝山·二模）
A.Cleaning your community will have a positive effect on others in society
B.Then find a need or an issue you really care about
C.But they belong to the community,too
D.Living in a clean neighborhood will be its own reward
E.Don't hesitate to take part in the community's activity
F.Round up some readers
Can just one person make a difference?You bet!In a community every person counts,and getting involved is not difficult.Take stock of your own talents and interests.(1)_________.Don't wait for someone else to act first.Take the initiative!Once you see what you can accomplish,you'll want to keep going.
Here are just a few ways to make a difference in your community.How many more ways can you come up with?
Clean up the community.People often throw litter in places where there is already litter.And the problem only becomes worse until someone gets fed up and does something.Could your neighborhood use a cleanup?Neighborhood cleanups are often sponsored by local businesses or schools.But if your community doesn't have a cleanup program,get together with friends to organize one.You could pick up garbage in a larger area twice a year,or you could clean a smaller area every few months.(2)_________.
Include the isolated.Do you know anyone who is housebound?Almost all neighborhoods have a few people who have to stay at their homes.These people are often elderly and unable to leave their homes to perform simple tasks.(3)_________.By letting them“borrow”your legs and eyes,you can make them feel included.You can run errands for them like shopping or paying bills.They might like you to read to them if their eyesight is failing.Governments provide some of the services these people need,but programs cannot give them friendship;that's what communities are for!
(4)_________.Reading clubs are popular all over Europe and North America.Members might read at home to prepare for discussion,or they might read aloud to each other and talk about what they just read.Either way,a book or article can spark lively discussion and this often challenges people to take action.
(word count 313,readability level 5.7)
4.（2019·黄浦·二模）
A.This phenomenon is often missing from development projects promoted as green or sustainable.
B.This phenomenon has variously been called environmental,eco-or green gentrification.
C.Greening and environmental cleanup do not automatically or necessarily lead to gentrification.
D.This creates pressure to rezone industrial land for residential towers or profitable commercial space,in exchange for developer-funded cleanup.
E.But it can drive up real estate prices and displace low-and middle-income residents.
F.Environmental gentrification naturalizes the disappearance of manufacturing and the working class.
Sustainable Cities Need More Than Parks,Cafes and a Riverwalk
There are many standards that aim to rank how green cities are.But what does it actually mean for a city to be green or sustainable?
We've written about what we call the“parks,cafes and a riverwalk”model of sustainability,which focuses on providing new green spaces,mainly for high-income people.This vision of shiny residential towers and waterfront parks has become a widely-shared conception of what green cities should look like.(1)_________
Gentrification（住宅高档化）has become a catch-all term used to describe neighborhood change，and is often misunderstood as the only path to neighborhood improvement.In fact，its defining feature is displacement.Typically，people who move into these changing neighborhoods are wealthier and more educated than residents who are displaced.
A recent flood of new research has focused on the displacement effects of environmental cleanup and green space initiatives.(2)_________
Land for new development and resources to fund extensive cleanup of poisonous sites are scarce in many cities.(3)_________And in neighborhoods where gentrification has already begun,a new park or farmers market can worsen the problem by making the area even more attractive to potential high-income people and pricing out long-term residents.In some cases,developers even create temporary community gardens or farmers markets or promise more green space than they eventually deliver,in order to market a neighborhood to buyers looking for green pleasantness.
(4)_________It makes deindustrialization seem both inevitable and desirable,often by quite literally replacing industry with more natural-looking landscapes.When these neighborhoods are finally cleaned up,after years of activism by longtime residents,those advocates often are unable to stay and enjoy the benefits of their efforts.
(word count 290,readability level 13.3)
5.（2019·虹口·一模）
A.As you walk,pay close attention to your surroundings.
B.Make a plan to get off campus and explore your surroundings.
C.If you're averaging seven hours or less,commit to sleeping at least eight hours tonight.
D.If you're feeling stressed or overwhelmed,don't punish yourself by pushing your mind and body to their limits.
E.A comfortable corner in the library and even an empty classroom are perfect places to relax and recharge.
F.Actually，it is possible to shorten sleep time by up to 1 hour without the risk of sleep deprivation（剥夺）if you know how to have high quality sleep.
Self-Care Strategies for College Students
Most college students don't put self-care at the top of their to do lists.When you're caught up in the whirlwind（旋风）of classes，extra-curricular，work，friendship，and final exams，it's easy to ignore a task that doesn't come with a deadline（even if that task is simply“taking care of yourself”）.Embrace the excitement and intensity of college life，but remember that maintaining your physical，mental，and emotional health is essential to your success and well-being.（1）_________Instead，take time out to take care of yourself with some of these self-care strategies.
Get Away for Some Alone Time.If you live with roommates,privacy can be hard to come by,so make it your mission to find a peaceful place on campus to call your own.(2)_________
Take a Mindful Walk Around Campus.When you're strolling to class,try this mindfulness exercise to center yourself and destress.(3)_________Feel free to people-watch,but pay attention to sensory details too,like the smell of a nearby barbecue or the sensation of pavement under your shoes.Take note of at least five beautiful or intriguing things you notice along your route.You might find yourself feeling a little calmer by the time you reach your destination.
Stage a Sleep Intervention.How much sleep do you really get each night?(4)_________By doing that,you'll begin the process of repaying your sleep debt and establishing healthy new sleep habits.Don't buy into the myth that the less you're sleeping,the harder you're working.Your mind and body need consistent sleep to operate at optimum levels—you simply can't do your best work without it.
Download a New Podcast.Take a break from the books,grab your headphones,and listen to some immersive mysteries,compelling interviews,or laugh-out-loud comedy.There are thousands of podcasts covering almost every subject imaginable,so you're sure to find something that interests you.
(word count 327,readability level 8.3)
6.（2019·闵行·一模）
A.It takes continuous time and effort to be successful in any area.
B.The general rule goes that the harder you try,the greater results you get.
C.Many old beliefs are being performed these days and are followed blindly.
D.It always takes tests and then fails us to learn anything worthwhile.
E.However,in most circumstances your effort and attempt go well alongside with your desired achievement.
F.But the price we pay to realize this is high because it takes a great amount of courage to follow your own path.
Life is not easy when you are looking for something worthwhile and ready to learn from the best experiences.(1)_________Here are some life lessons which people will learn the hard way in majority of cases.
(2)_________However,people usually get discouraged when it takes more time than they thought it would.At this time,people refer only to people who have already achieved what they want to do.Look at any successful person and you'll notice one thing common in all of them:they took time to learn and mastered their skill like no one else.There is no elevator to success and you have to take the stairs.
Be brave to take the road less traveled.In our whole life,we always want to follow the same path that everyone suggests,do the same thing everyone does,take the same career path everyone takes,wear the same clothes everyone wears,and hang out with the same people we work with.Why?Because we are scared to fail.But when you get bored of life,you realize that you are not meant to do what everyone does and that your destiny is different from anyone else's out there in the world.(3)_________
You don't have to live your life in a way society wants you to.(4)_________Parents sometimes force their children to select a career they don't want because other children have selected that career.Worst of all,people follow them without even asking.There is no harm in believing in old beliefs but when you pursue them before your interest,sooner or later you'll realize that you should first do what you think is right.
(word count 276,readability level 8.5)
7.（2019·宝山·一模）
A.Other people experience false guilt because of high expectations for themselves.
B.It's possible that you feel guilty because you actually did something wrong.
C.Others try to cover up their guilt by blaming others or becoming angry.
D.It can also motivate people to avoid making similar mistakes later.
E.In this case,it's important to remind yourself that you have limits.
F.Moreover,guilt can result in physical and mental discomforts meanwhile.
Guilt is one of the most painful emotions that humans experience but also one of the most common.Nobody enjoys feeling guilty,but this emotion serves an important purpose:It alerts a person when he or she has done something wrong.This enables the person to make amends and work to heal relationships that were damaged by their actions.(1)_________
Nevertheless,guilt can be destructive if it is not dealt with in the right way.It can cause people to avoid others because they are too embarrassed to apologize for their actions or inaction.Some try to avoid the pain of guilt by turning to other worse habits.(2)_________
The proper response to guilt depends on what kind of guilt you're dealing with.For false guilt,it's important to recognize that the guilt does not reflect an actual ethical failure.
For example,some false guilt focuses on falling to meet expectations you had for yourself.(3)_________No one is perfect,and no one can do everything,so admitting your limits is actually a sign of humility.
It's also important to acknowledge what you are feeling.Even when you don't need to feel guilty,these feelings are real and normal.Try to balance them with positive thoughts,but realize that it often takes time for feelings to change.
(4)_________If so,don't try to conceal it.Apologize and ask for forgiveness.Learn from your mistakes,and try to avoid committing the same acts again.Getting on well with the person you hurt should make your guilty feelings fade.
Guilt is painful,but it can serve a good purpose if you use it well.
(word count 272,readability level 7.4)
8.（2018·浦东·二模）
A.Being simple might be another reason.
B.It was the only affordable way to play them.
C.We should have admiration for this old technology.
D.The current trend for old games shows no sign of slowing.
E.Newer consoles and their games are incredibly expensive.
F.So it seems like it's not“game over”for old-school technology.
Retro Gaming
There's no doubt that in today's digital world,computer games are extremely sophisticated and capable of creating virtual reality experiences that were unimaginable only a few years ago.So I am interested to see that the simplistic games that I grew up with,are making a revival.But Why?
In the 1970s,the original place to play a computer game was at an arcade.Here,you and your mates could try out the new big names in games such as Space Invaders and Pacman.(1)_________And because of the technology involved,the gaming machines were too big to fit into your house.
But in the 1980s and 90s,gaming arrived in our homes and people like me were addicted.The sound of beeping became a familiar sound emanating from bedrooms across the land!Names such as Tetris,Sonic and Street Fighter became popular language in the playground—and now they are being talked about—and played again.One of the reasons is the low cost.The BBC spoke to gamer,Gemma Wood,who says that:(2)_________I understand that a lot of hard work has gone into the design,etc.,but how can anyone justify£50 to£60 for a game that you might not even enjoy?
(3)_________The graphics on old games may not compare with the detail and definition of modern games but they are fun and easy to use by children and adults alike.And of course,nostalgia plays its part.Some people want to relive their childhood while for others,it is a chance to show their children the computer games they grew up with.
Technology journalist,KG Orphanides,says“it's important to recognize how welldesigned many of those classic games are...the developers had so little space to work with your average Sega Mega Drive or SNES cartridge had a maximum capacity of just 4mb-and limited graphics and sound capabilities.This compares to an average capacity of 40G in today's games.(4)_________
This craze for using retro hardware and grabbing an old joystick is certainly catching on.And to persuade those of us who are not sure about downgrading the gaming experience,manufacturers such as Nintendo,are bringing back some of their older consoles in new style casing.
(word count 377,readability level 10.3)
9.（2018·青浦·二模）
A.I truly express my respect for Shan and his team for their contributions.
B.With regard to cultural heritage restoration,Shan said the museum opened a restoration hospital at the end of 2016.
C.A total of 600 people from all walks of life,including over 100 foreign guests,participated in the activity.
D.I will learn more about Chinese culture from the magnificent ancient objects.
E.Our design teams often study consumer demands and create cultural items that are nice to look at and practical to use.
F.Traditional craftsmanship is combined with modern methods,and the lives of ancient cultural objects will be lengthened by the so-called doctors.
Make Traditional Treasures Come Alive
The Palace Museum Director Shan Jixiang delivered a cultural heritage speech on Feb.27 in Beijing,which was co-organized by the Beijing Diplomatic Service Bureau and Beijing Housing Service Corporation for Diplomatic Missions.(1)_________
On the theme“The World of the Palace Museum and the Palace Museum of the World”，the 64-year-old director shared his ideas about how to make traditional treasures come alive again.During the speech，which lasted two and a half hours，Shan touched on topics including upgrading museum infrastructure（基础设施），restoring cultural sites，digitalizing online museums，setting up restoration hospitals，providing better visitor experiences and promoting the Palace Museum's cultural items.
“The abundant collection of cultural objects at the Palace Museum is the inspiration for the creative souvenirs and cultural items available,”Shan said.“(2)_________”Throughout 2017,the total sales of Palace Museum's cultural items have been more than 1 billion yuan($158 million).Explaining the huge success of Palace Museum's cultural souvenirs,Shan said,“The museum opened a shop on the e-commerce website Taobao in 2008,but sales remained neither high nor low for years,as more than 80 percent of the souvenirs sold in stores in the past were not related to our museum.”“Therefore,I wanted to change the situation.Now,souvenirs from the Palace Museum cover almost every aspect of life.After all,what matters to a museum is not how many visitors they have,but how close they are to people's daily lives.”
(3)_________Around 200“doctors”are employed to analyze,examine,detect flaws or damage in ancient objects and restore them using more than 100 pieces of specialized equipment,including 3-D printers and scanners.The restoration hospital covers 13,000 square meters and boasts the nation's most advanced restoration workshops.
John Aquilina,Malta's ambassador to China said that Shan's speech showed a totally different Palace Museum to foreign people.“China enjoys a long and profound culture and many of the national treasures have been preserved at the Palace Museum.It is no easy task to preserve them well.(4)_________”
(word count 351,readability level 13.3)
10.（2018·松江·二模）
A.The rhythm of life is a slight beat.
B.Experts say every aspect of human bodies is influenced by daily rhythms.
C.Jenny Hope claims to have tested her body clocks to the limit.
D.This is a key reason why shift work can cause so many problems.
E.Many people study the state of their bio-rhythms before making their daily plans.
F.Such a dangerous combination never gave their bodies'natural rhythms a chance to settle down.
Rhythm of Life
Choosing the right time to sleep,the correct moment to make decisions,the best hour to eat—and even go into hospital—could be your key to perfect health.
Centuries after man discovered the rhythms of the planets and the cycles of crops,scientists have learned that we too live by precise rhythms that govern everything from our basic bodily functions to mental skills.Man is a prisoner of time.
But it's not just the experts who are switching on to the way our bodies work.(1)_________Prince Charles consults a chart which tells him when he will be at his peak on a physical,emotional and intellectual level.Boxer Frank Bruno is another who charts his biorhythms to plan for big fights.
(2)_________Sleep,blood pressure,hormone levels and heartbeat all follow their own clocks,which may bear only slight relation to our man-made 24-hour cycle.
Research shows that in laboratory experiments when social signals and,most importantly,light indicators such as dawn are taken away,people lose touch with the 24-hour clock and sleeping patterns change.Temperature and heartbeat cycles lengthen and settle into“days”lasting about 25 hours.
In the real world,light and dark keep adjusting internal clock to the 24-hour day.But the best indicator of performance is body temperature.As it falls from a 10 p.m.high of 37.2℃to a pre-dawn low of 36.1℃,mental functions fall too.(3)_________
The most famous example is the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island in the US.The three operators in the control room worked alternating weeks of day,evening and night shifts.
(4)_________Investigators believe this caused the workers to overlook a warning light and fail to close an open valve.
Finding the secret of what makes us tick has long fascinated scientists and work done over the last decade has yielded important clues.The aim is to help us become more efficient.For example,the time we eat may be important if we want to maximize intellectual or sporting performance.There is already evidence suggesting that the time when medicine is given to patients affects how well it works.(www.xing528.com)
(word count 362,readability level 9.5)
11.（2018·崇明·二模）
A.Age really should be treated as just a number.
B.Felt age might play a role in more than just how you feel.
C.Feeling young is about maintaining vitality as you get older.
D.Self-felt age has the potential to change，so interventions（干预）may be possible.
E.And other studies suggest that there could be more benefits to thinking yourself younger,besides a longer life.
F.People who feel younger than the number of years they have on the clock get more pleasure than people who feel their age.
Feel Young at Heart and You'll Enjoy a Longer Life
Age-liars and birthday-deniers...you'd best learn a thing or two from those who are young at heart.People who feel younger than their actual age may live longer than those who feel older than they truly are,a new study says.
(1)_________Results from the study,published in the Journal of the American Medical Association,suggest that people who feel a year or more older than they truly are could have around 41 percent greater risk for death.
Researchers looked at nearly 6,500 older adults,with an average age of 65.8 for the study.Around 70 percent of them felt younger than they were,about a quarter felt their precise age and just under 5 percent felt a year or more older than they were,when asked“How old do you feel you are?”
Those who felt older than they were had a higher death rate after a follow-up period of 99 months.While just 14.3 and 18.5 percent of people who felt younger or felt their age,respectively,died during those 99 months,24.6 percent of those who felt aged beyond their years had died.
The authors say more research is needed on the topic,but suggest it could be that those who feel“young at heart”have healthier behaviors and a stronger will to live.“(2)_________Individuals who feel older could be targeted with health messages promoting positive health behaviors and attitudes toward aging,”the authors write in the study.
The good news is that you can change your feeling of how young you are.(3)_________One recent study found that helping participants have positive feelings toward age,by showing them positive word associations,helped older adults improve in physical tasks like balancing and getting up out of a chair,in as little as four weeks.Another study found that negative feeling of aging and poor memory can make older adults feel up to five years older,regardless of their actual mental abilities.
There you have it.(4)_________
(word count 341,readability level 11.9)
12.（2018·宝山·一模）
A.The findings show that they also apply criticism to nontraditional women's husbands.
B.He is also regarded as having less power in the relationship.
C.These include having a higher status,yielding more power,being more self-focused,ambitious and self-confident.
D.The married surname tradition is more than just a tradition.
E.Up to now,researchers have not yet examined how a woman's married surname choice influences how others look at her husband.
F.Women's rightist scholars understand why the surname tradition remains widely supported.
What Does It Mean for the Husband When His Wife Keeps Her Own Surname?
The tradition of women adopting their husbands'surname after marriage is arguably one of the most widespread gender-role standards in Western cultures despite marked changes in the role that women play in society and in the labor force.
According to previous studies,women who violate the married surname tradition are viewed differently from others.They are described in terms of instrumental characteristics that in a gendered society are typically assigned to men.(1)_________These characteristics contrast with the expressive characteristics that are typically assigned to women,such as being more caring,kind and having less influence and power.
(2)_________For this purpose,Robnett and her colleagues carried out three studies in the US and UK.The first two studies showed that husbands whose wives keep their own surnames are often described through terms that are opposed to the gender-typical personality characteristics and power framework used for men.They are described in more expressive than instrumental terms,and are seen to hold less power in a marriage.Their findings indicate that people conclude from married surname choices to make more general inferences about a couple's gender-typed personality characteristics.”
Results from the third study conducted by Robnett's team suggest that people hold different opinions in how they think about such cases.People who firmly hold on to traditional gender roles react particularly strongly to a man whose wife keeps her surname because they see him as an incapable person.“We know from previous research that people high in unfriendly sexism（性别歧视）respond negatively to women who violate traditional gender roles，”says Robnett.“（3）_________”
“This study joins several others in implying a link between traditions in men and women's romantic relationships and power structures favoring men,”says Robnett.“(4)_________It reflects slight gender-role standards and ideas that often remain unquestioned despite privileging men.”
(word count 318,readability level 13.2)
13.（2018·虹口·一模）
A.People volunteer mainly out of academic requirements.
B.People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.
C.It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work.
D.Individual differences are most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work.
E.Although this result may not surprise you,it leads to important practical advice.
F.Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved.
Suppose you become a leader in an organization.It's very likely that you'll want to have volunteers to help with the organization's activities.To do so,it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.
Let's begin with the question of why people volunteer.(1)_________For example,people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness,to expand their range of experiences,and to strengthen social relationships.If volunteer positions do not meet these needs,people may not wish to participate.To select volunteers,you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.
People also volunteer because they are required to do so.To increase levels of community service，some schools have launched compulsory（义务的）volunteer programs.Unfortunately，these programs can shift people's wish of participation from an internal factor（e.g.，“I volunteer because it's important to me”）to an external factor（e.g.，“I volunteer because I'm required to do so”）.When that happens，people become less likely to volunteer in the future.（2）_________
Once people begin to volunteer,what leads them to remain in their positions over time?To answer this question,researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time.For instance,one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year.One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.(3)_________The researchers note that attention should be given to“training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.
Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view“volunteer”as an important social role.(4)_________Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as“Volunteering in hospitals is an important part of who I am.”Consistent with the researchers'expectations,they found a positive relationship between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer.These results,once again,lead to definite advice:“Once an individual begins volunteering,continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity...Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity.”
(word count 400,readability level 12.4)
14.（2018·浦东·一模）
A.Reality has begun to catch up with the imagination of the film's writer.
B.Nanotechnology is one of the most exciting fields of research in the world today.
C.When this becomes possible,great changes will take place in numerous fields.
D.Small as they are,large quantities of them can make a difference and work wonders.
E.Nanotechnology is also responsible for tremendous advances in many other fields.
F.They carry medicine with them as they travel through the body,seeking our cancer cells.
Nanotechnology Grows Fast
Thanks to advances in technology，the science fiction of the past has become the“science fact”of today，like the 1966 sci-fi Fantastic Voyage（《神奇旅程》）.In the film，a man with very important knowledge was dying.The only way to save him was by using experimental miniaturization technology.A number of scientists were shrunk to a tiny size and injected into the man's body to locate the source of the problem and save him.
(1)_________Over the past several decades,the science of nanotechnology has been developing rapidly,and,just as in the film,it involves working with objects of a very small size.
Something very similar to the medical procedure seen in Fantastic Voyage is already being used to help save lives today.Tiny crystals known as“quantum dots（量子点）”，whose diameters are one thousandth of a human hair，are injected into the body of a cancer patient.（2）_________Upon finding a tumor，these quantum dots release their medicine，and then light themselves up so that doctors can see exactly where the cancer cells are.
(3)_________We may soon find our everyday lives being affected by it.Are you tired of having to charge the batteries in your mobile devices?Soon,you don't need to.Scientists are working on solar-cell vests that will absorb energy from the sun as you walk around and provide power for your devices.
Eric Drexler,an author and scientist,believes that nanotechnology will lead to a new kind of manufacturing,one in which products are assembled atom by atom.By rearranging atoms,you can turn one kind of molecule into another.For example,a wood molecule can be transformed into a metal molecule.If this is done many times according to a design,a large object such as an ax might eventually be created,just by rearranging atoms.(4)_________.
Although we have already seen its first practical applications,even more dramatic advances will be made in the future.
(word count 338,readability level 9.7)
15.（2017·松江·二模）
A.If you associate with distinguished people,you are likely to find yourself with better opportunities.
B.Challenge yourself to expand your business knowledge through interactions with people at regular time.
C.In addition,the chances,if any,are low that you can find a satisfactory job in an economic situation like this.
D.Once you have a couple of targets,think about why and what interests you.
E.That is to say,the people you keep company with determine your character development.
F.Job searching under pressure often results in nervous interviewing and decision-making from relatively few options.
The worst time to look for a job is when you feel desperate and must have a new one immediately.(1)_________If you are not in need of an immediate career change,here are ways you can improve your long-term career prospects today:
Identify at least two different roles.You do not have to be qualified for these positions today,nor do they have to exist in your company.However,these roles should be related to your current skill set.They are career options that look interesting.(2)_________Pay close attention to what appeals to you,and write it down.This will give insight into your motivations and targets.
Subscribe to a career specific magazine.Knowledge is power in the workplace.All businesses must stay relevant to their customers in order to win the competitions and increase revenue（收益）.Reading about industry trends，advancements and success stories keeps you in touch with market conditions.This information allows you to see which companies and professionals are leading the pack.You can follow their examples in your own workplace.
(3)_________
Do exceptional work.In any role,there is a way to perform at your best.Look for ways to deliver a top performance.Show up early,be flexible to new assignments,have a positive attitude,cooperate with other departments,pay attention to the little details.
Be professionally curious.Talk to people about their careers.Learn more about how success is measured in other roles,departments and companies.Ask people their thoughts on different industries.(4)_________People hire people.You never know what connections may be relevant when you start your next job search,so develop a habit of making good connections no matter where you go.Take the time to learn about others,and be helpful when you can.
As in all things in life,getting in front of a difficult task early is always less stressful than reacting to a career surprise.Changing jobs is to be expected.No matter how secure you feel today,the time will come when either you or your employer decide it is time to change.
(word count 353,readability level 6.9)
16.（2017·黄浦·二模）
A.But there's no need for embarrassment.
B.If you want proof,turn on the sports channel.
C.As we grow older,we don't abandon this system—we internalize it.
D.This so-called inner speech can improve our performance on various tasks.
E.Conducting a dialogue with ourselves might turn out to be one of the keys to human creativity.
F.Psychologists refer to this as private speech—language that is spoken out loud but directed at the self.
Your Own Best Friend
Talking to yourself may seem a little shameful.If you've ever been overheard criticizing yourself for a foolish mistake or practicing a tricky speech ahead of time,you'll have felt the social restriction against communicating with yourself in words.According to the well-known saying,talking to yourself is the first sign of madness.
(1)_________Talking to ourselves,whether out loud or silently in our heads,is a valuable tool for thought.Far from being a sign of foolishness,self-talk allows us to plan what we are going to do,manage our activities,regulate our emotions and even create a narrative of our experience.
Take a trip to any preschool and watch a small child playing with her toys.You are very likely to hear her talking to herself:offering herself directions and giving voice to her frustrations.(2)_________We do a lot of it when we are young—perhaps one reason for our shyness about continuing with it as adults.
As children,according to the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky,we use private speech to regulate our actions in the same way that we use public speech to control the behavior of others.(3)_________
Psychological experiments have shown that the distancing effect of our words can give us a valuable perspective on our actions.One recent study suggested that self-talk is most effective when we address ourselves in the second person:as“you”rather than“I”.
We internalize the private speech we use as children—but we never entirely put away the out-loud version.(4)_________You're sure to see an athlete or two getting themselves ready for a sharp phrase or scolding themselves after a bad shot.
Both kinds of self-talk seem to bring a range of benefits to our thinking.Those words to the self,spoken silently or aloud,are so much more than lazy talk.
(word count 310,readability level 10.2)
17.（2017·杨浦·二模）
A.When something comes from within you,you always try your best to analyze it in a scientific way.
B.Psychologists call this private speech—language that is spoken out loud but directed at yourself.
C.So words to the self,spoken silently or aloud,are so much more than just chatter.
D.We keep the private speech we use as children inside—but we never truly put away the out-loud version.
E.According to the well-known saying,talking to yourself is the first sign of madness.
F.Self-talk is efficient because when we are vocal about our thoughts,it makes a larger impact on our brain.
Self-talk Helps Us All
Talking to yourself may seem a little shameful.If you've ever been overheard criticizing yourself for a foolish mistake or practicing a speech,you'll know the social problems it can cause.(1)_________
But there's no need for embarrassment.Talking to ourselves,whether out loud or silently in our heads,is valuable.Far from being a sign of insanity,self-talk allows us to plan what we are going to do,manage our activities and control our emotions.
For example,take a trip to any preschool and watch a small girl playing with her toys.Your are very likely to hear her talking to herself:offering herself directions and talking about her problems.(2)_________We do a lot of it when we are young.
As children,according to the Russian Psychologist Lev Vygotsky,we use private speech to control our actions in the same way that we use public speech to control the behavior of others.As we grow older,we keep this system inside.
Psychological experiments have shown that this so-called inner speech can improve our performance in tasks like telling what other people are thinking.Our words give us an interesting view of our actions.One recent study suggested that self-talk is most effective when we talk to ourselves in the second person:as“you”rather than“I”.
(3)_________If you want proof,turn on a sports channel.You're sure to see an athlete shouting at himself or herself.
Talking to ourselves seems to be a very good way of solving problems and working through ideas.Hearing different points of view means our thoughts can end up in different places,just like a regular dialogue,and might turn out to be one of the keys to human creativity.
Both kinds of self-talk—silent and out loud—seem to bring many different benefits to our thinking.(4)_________
(word count 311,readability level 8.4)
18.（2017·金山·一模）
A.Men and women dream about different things.
B.A person's dreams and the meaning of those dreams are only for the person.
C.A criminal,for example,might dream about crime.
D.However,one thing they agree on this:If you dream that something terrible is going to occur,you shouldn't panic.
E.dreams allow people to express the feelings,thoughts,and fears that they are afraid to express in real life
F.He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.
What Is a Dream?
For centuries,people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about.Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning.Others,however,think that dreams are an important part of our lives.In fact,many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person's mind and emotions.
It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.
The Austrian psychologist,Sigmund Freud,was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically.In his famous book,The Interpretation of Dreams(1900),Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person's wishes.He believed that(1)_________.
The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud's.Jung,however,had a different idea about dreams.Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.(2)_________For example,people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves.On the other hand,people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.
Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams.For example,psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California,Santa Cruz,believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person's daily life,thoughts,and behavior.(3)_________
Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age.His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults.According to Domhoff,dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.
He has also found a link between dreams and gender.His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different.For example,the people in men's dreams are often other men,and the dreams often involve fighting.This is not true of women's dreams.Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world,including both modern and traditional ones.
Can dreams help us understand ourselves?Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways.(4)_________The dream may have meaning,but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place.It's important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.
(word count 392,readability level 7.9)
19.（2017·闵行·一模）
A.In a sense,they're not really themselves.
B.Rather,a person's thoughts—or at least the thoughts they type—are what really count.
C.With so many unknowns,it's easy to let one's imagination“fill in the blanks”.
D.The Internet encourages people to express their ideas in a more free way.
E.However,online relationship will be damaged by this kind of image.
F.But some Internet users want more than just someone to chat with.
In so many ways，cyberspace（网络空间）mirrors the real world.People ask for information，play games，and share hobby tips.Others buy and sell products.Still others look for friendship，or even love.
Unlike the real world,however,your knowledge about a person is limited to words on a computer screen.Identity and appearance mean very little in cyberspace.(1)_________So even the shyest person can become a chat-room star.
Usually,this“faceless”communication doesn't create problems.Identity doesn't really matter when you're in a chat room discussing politics or hobbies.In fact,this emphasis on the ideas themselves makes the Internet a great place for exciting conversation.Where else can so many people come together to chat about their interests?
(2)_________They're looking for serious love relationships.Is cyberspace a good place to find love?That answer depends on whom you ask.Some of these relationships actually succeed.Others fail miserably.
Supporters of online relationships claim that the Internet allows couples to get to know each other intellectually first.Personal appearance doesn't get in the way.
But critics of online relationships argue that no one can truly know another person in cyberspace.Why?Because the Internet gives users a lot of control over how others view them.Internet users can carefully craft their words to fit whatever image they want to give.And they don't have to worry about what their“faceless”communication is doing for their image.
(3)_________
All of this may be fine if the relationship stays in cyberspace.But not knowing a person is a big problem in a love relationship.(4)_________This inevitably leads to disappointment when couples meet in person.How someone imagines an online friend is often quite different from the real person.
So,before looking for love in cyberspace,remember the advice of Internet pioneer Clifford Stoll:“Life in the real world is far richer than anything you'll find on a computer screen.”
(word count 326,readability level 8.1)
免责声明：以上内容源自网络，版权归原作者所有，如有侵犯您的原创版权请告知，我们将尽快删除相关内容。
