如何提高论文的表达清晰度：避免使用专业名词短语

1.基本原则

著名的英语用法和语法书The King's English［7］，在书的一开始就明确指出，一个好的作者应追崇“直接、简单、扼要、生动、透明（direct，simple，brief，vigorous，and lucid）”的基本原则。这个基本原则体现在遣词方面，就是宁愿简单避免复杂：“Prefer the familiar word to the far-fetched.Prefer the concrete word to the abstract.Prefer the single word to the circumlocution.Prefer the short word to the long.Prefer the Saxon word to the Romance.（宁选常用词汇，不选冷僻的；宁选具体的词汇，不选抽象的；宁用单个词汇，不要迂回累赘；宁用短词，不要长词；宁用平易词汇，不要艰涩的。）”

如何能做到撰写的清晰表达，克里冈先生（Joseph Kerrigan）在上述基础上进一步提出了如下的十大原则：［8］使用短句、尽可能简单、使用常用词汇、避免多余词汇、使用动作动词、使用形象化术语、与读者经验接轨、写作多样化、如实表述而不是哗众取宠。建议论文作者阅读此文，并在撰写论文时借鉴。

2.使用语句模板

本书第四至第九章都分别列出了论文相应的各个组成部分写作时常用的英语短语，供论文作者作为语句模板在撰写论文时参考使用。这样的短语很容易通过把文献中的典型句子去掉其中的名词短语，通常是专业的名词短语，就可以得到。让我们阅读下面这篇论文摘要：［9］

Core-loss EFTEM tomography provides three-dimensional structural and chemical information.Multiple inelastic scattering occurring in thick specimens as well as orientation-dependent diffraction contrast due to multiple elastic scattering，however，often limit its applications.After demonstrating the capability of core-loss EFTEM tomography to reconstruct just a few monolayers thin carbon layer covering a Fe catalyst particle we discuss its application to thicker samples.We propose an approximate multiple-scattering correction method based on the use of zero-loss images and have applied it successfully to copper whiskers，providing a significant improvement of the reconstructed 3D elemental distribution.We conclude this paper by a general discussion on experimental parameters affecting the accuracy of EFTEM 3D elemental mapping.

划去其中的专用名词短语：

Core-loss EFTEM tomography provides three-dimensional structural and chemical information.Multiple inelastic scattering occurring in thick specimensas well as orientationdependent diffraction contrast due to multiple elastic scattering，however，often limit its applications.After demonstrating the capability of core-loss EFTEM tomography to reconstruct just a few monolayers thin carbon layer covering a Fe catalyst particle we discuss its application to thicker samples.We propose an approximate multiple-scattering correction methodbased on the use of zero-loss imagesand have applied it successfully to copper whiskers，providing a significant improvement ofthe reconstructed 3D elemental distribution.We conclude this paper by a general discussion on experimental parameters affecting the accuracy of EFTEM 3D elemental mapping.

就得到以下这一组短语：(www.xing528.com)

...provides...

...as well as...often limit its applications.

After demonstrating...，we discuss...

We propose...based on the use of...，and have applied it successfully to...

We conclude this paper by a general discussion on...

选择合适的常用短语作为语句模板，再参照原句中被去除的名词短语的结构特点，添加上与本学术领域本研究工作相应的合适的专门名词词组，论文作者就能比较顺利地用英语正确而清晰地表达了。

各个学术领域有各自通用的写作常规。论文作者应该通过学习同行作者的好的写作方法和表达形式（见2.3节），提高自己专业英语的写作技巧。建议论文作者除了参考本书各章中列出的常用短语外，选择本领域的一两篇经典文献，按照上述去除名词短语的方法，得到一套适合自己论文内容的常用短语或语句模板。这对提高英语写作能力有极大的帮助和促进。需要注意的是，要始终使用自己的语言，表达自己的思想。