本节将按照研究结果应该包括的内容,依次介绍各部分内容中常用的短语以及对主要研究结果报道时所用的强调短语。牵涉到因果关系以及数值量的说明等的英语表述方式,常常引起母语为非英语的作者的困惑,这里也分别举出例子,并对其具体应用加以说明。同时,本节也给出了经常使用的图和表格的引入语句的例子。研究结果的报道经常会涉及实验、观察或模拟计算等的发生时间和顺序。有关时序表达的常用短语,请参照5.2.2节的有关内容。
1.综合研究结果
Here we report...
In most cases,...
The main results of...are surveyed(summarized/listed)in...
2.详细介绍主要成果
From...we can obtain(access/derive)...
Our results illustrate(imply)that...
...were observed.
We observed a distinct change in...
This indicated(suggested/implied)that...
The data can be understood in...
3.与理论模型以及同行研究结果比较
...be in line with(consistent with)...
Compared with...
...failed to reveal...,but showed...
Our results correlate well with(similar in detail to/closely resemble)...
The results may be compared with...
4.问题及不足
...failed to reveal...
....is not within the scope of this study.
It is still an open question whether...
Time has not allowed us to carry out...
There remains a need for...
5.重点强调
对论文主要结果进行报道或对论文的重要理念进行讨论时,作者可以通过选用强调短语进一步增强向读者传递这些重要信息的效果,例如:
A further key observation is that...
An unexpected result of this analysis is that...
It is the...that...
It is(was)only when...
We must note that...
有时使用否定句,可以特别加大重点强调的力度。例如:
It is(was)not until...that...
...have not been reported for...
使用不同的情态动词可以正确地表达作者想要强调的程度(见7.2.3节)。
6.因果关系
(1)B与A有关:
B associates with(be associated with/be accompanied with/correlate with/be
linked to/be related to/connect to)A.
(2)B是A的结果:
B results(arise/come)from A.
B is a consequence of A.
B is induced by A.
(3)A是B的原因之一:
A is a cause of B.
A accounts for(be accounted for/be a factor in/contribute to)B.(www.xing528.com)
(4)A是B的因果链的首位:
A originates in(initiate)B.
(5)A是B的唯一原因:
A is the cause of(cause/initiate/produce)B.
B is the result of(be due to)A.
为进一步强调“唯一”起见,也可用“the sole cause”或“the direct result”。
这里有一点必须引起论文作者注意的是,不要武断地建立研究结果的强硬的因果关系(例如,A causes B)。尽量使用委婉的语气来指出可能的因果关系,以避免不必要的出错。
此外,因果关系经常可以通过条件句来表达。例如科技论文实例3[5]和实例2[2]中的以下两个句子,分别说明了温度上升导致微晶小面上新表面相的形成,以及使用透射电镜样品特定的衍射条件导致位错胞间的衬度的消失:
When the sample temperature was only slightly increased to 550 K,a fast transformation takes place on the(001)top facets...
The contrast between cells could be extinguished for any reflection if the plane of the foil was(111)...,or...
7.数值量的表达
half(twice/70%/...)as much as...
three times as long as...
four times as high as...
注意,“half as much as...”指的是50%,而“half again...”指的是150%。
8.数值量的说明
对一个数值量使用不同的说明,向读者传达了作者对此数值量的观点。
(1)使数值增大:
a great deal of...
a considerable amount of...
appreciable(considerable/marked/numerous/substantial/significant/...)
as many(much)as...
greater(more)than...
(2)使数值减小:
a few(little)...
as few(less)as...
barely(hardly/marginal/negligible/only/small)...
less(smaller)than...
(3)数值类似:
close to(converge to/approximate to)...
similar to(resemble)...
approximately(nearly/practically/roughly...)
(4)双向加强:
even higher(lower/smaller/bigger/...)
extremely(exceptionally/particularly/so)high(low/small/big/...)
far above(below)...
well under(over)...
9.图和表的引进
Figure 1(Table 1)shows(presents/summarizes)...
...,as indicated(marked)by the white box in Fig.1.
...,see Fig.3(Table 1).
The cross-section TEM image(Fig.4)...
10.科技论文中常用的缩略拉丁文词语
参考书末附录二。
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