测试的类型很多,划分类型的依据也很多,本章只是把在英语教学中使用得比较多而且如果混淆可能影响其使用甚至影响教学质量的分类方式和类型做了简单介绍和分析。了解这些类型的特点有利于教师正确运用这些测试为教学服务,提高教学质量与效率。还有其他一些分类方式及测试类型,比如选拔性考试,再如教学中的随堂测试、单元测试等很容易被理解的类型,本章就不做详细介绍了。
不同类型的考试,在标准上、题型上也有不同的要求和偏重。比如随堂测验时,教师对班上的学生都熟悉,而且是自己阅卷评分,测试就更看重效度。直接测试时,主观题效果就比较好,因为真实性强,交互性高,用不着担心评分标准和一致性问题,就不会去关注测试的信度。而高考,因为是以能力考查为主,更重要的是涉及面大,关注度高,所以属于高利害测试。要保证公平性,测试的信度非常重要。能力测试也需要更多的间接测试,测试题型需要更多的客观题型。
具体到某一次考试,有时我们很难说其完全属于哪一种类型。例如单元测验,从测试目的看,是为了检查学生对该单元内容学习的进展情况,以便对下一步的教学进行调整。从这个角度看,它属于诊断性测试。但单元测验的命题依据是教学大纲、教材和该单元的内容,从这个角度看,又有成绩测试的特点。单元测试可以由各位教师自己命题阅卷,比较灵活。既可以直接测试,也可以间接测试,可能有主观题也可能有客观题。如果教师想比较一下全班学生的情况,看看谁学得好,就会用常模参照分析,当然不应该经常这样做。
为了帮助大家认识和理解不同类型测试及其特点在教学中的重要性,请大家思考一个问题:高中一年级的英语单元测验的题型与高考试题的题型完全一致的话,会存在什么问题?
这种情况并不是个别现象,教师的理由是可以早点与高考接轨,适应高考的要求。存在的问题是什么呢?前面我们已经分析了单元测验的一些特点,再看看高考,高考的首要目的是为高校选拔人才,是选拔性考试,也是水平测试。这就需要较高的区分度,也不会考虑教了什么内容,学了什么内容;而且公平性非常重要,需要高信度,间接测试和客观题型要占多数。单元测试和高考存在这么大的差异,如果采用相同的题型,行得通吗?
讨论与反思
(1)成绩测试与水平测试有哪些异同?
(2)实施针对性测试需要注意哪些问题?
(3)从对语言认识、测试方式和评分方式三个角度对测试的分类有哪些异同?
(4)标准化测试与客观测试之间是什么关系?
(5)回顾你所参加过的各种考试,分析这些考试分别属于哪些类型。
(6)综合性测试、直接测试和主观性测试有哪些共同点与不同点?
(7)某校的高一英语期末考试,总分为150分,考试结果为平均分80,最高分133。请对此结果进行评价。
(8)可以采用哪些途径和方法降低高利害考试的负面影响?
(9)分析下列试题的几个特点:对语言的认识、测试目的、测试方式、评分方式。
Ⅰ.观察所给四个单词的画线部分的发音,选择其发音不同于其他三个的。
①A.bra ve B.sla ve C.ga ve D.have
②A.tour B.hour C.sour D.flour
③A.sky B.fly C.apply D.city
④A.th eir B.th ree C.th ing D.th irst(www.xing528.com)
⑤A.asked B.wanted C.missed D.fast
Ⅱ.读后续写:阅读下面短文,根据所给情节进行续写,使之变成一个完整的故事。
One weekend in July,Jane and her husband,Tom,had driven three hours to camp overnight by a lake in the forest.Unfortunately,on the way an unpleasant subject came up and they started to quarrel.By the time they reached the lake, Jane was so angry that she said to Tom, “I’m going to find a better spot for us to camp”and walked away.
With no path to follow,Jane just walked on for quite a long time.After she had climbed to a high place, she turned around, hoping to see the lake.To her surprise, she saw nothing but forest and, far beyond, a snowcapped mountain top.She suddenly realized that she was lost.
“Tom!” she cried. “Help!”
No reply.If only she had not left her mobile phone in that bag with Tom.Jane kept moving,but the farther she walked, the more confused she became.As night was beginning to fall, Jane was so tired that she had to stop for the night.Lying awake in the dark,Jane wanted very much to be with Tom and her family.She wanted to hold him and tell him how much she loved him.
Jane rose at the break of day,hungry and thirsty.She could hear water trickling(滴落)somewhere at a distance .Quickly she followed the sound to a stream.To her great joy ,she also saw some berry bushes.She drank and ate a few berries.Never in her life had she tasted anything better.Feeling stronger now,Jane began to walk along the stream and hope it would lead her to the lake.
As she picked her way carefully along the stream,Jane heard a helicopter .Is that for me?Unfortunately, the trees made it impossible for people to see her from above.A few minutes later,another helicopter flew overhead.Jane took off her yellow blouse ,thinking that she should go to an open area and flag them if they came back again.
Paragraph 1:
But no more helicopter came and it was getting dark again.____________________
Paragraph 2:
It was daybreak when Jane woke up.____________________
注意:
①所续写短文的单词应为150个左右;
②应使用5个以上短文中标出的关键词语;
③续写部分分为两段,每段的开头语已为你写好;
④续写完成后,请标出你所使用的关键词语。
【注释】
[1]李筱菊教授把语言测试的发展分为三个阶段,没有包括综合法测试阶段。
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