不同教师对历史观点的多样性

对历史的不同看法影响教师教历史的方法。比如，威尔逊（Wilson）和维尼博格（Wineburg）（1993）请两位美国史教师读一些由学生所写的有关美国独立战争原因分析的小论文，他们不需要对人物和事件做出不偏不倚的、完美无缺的或明确无误的评述，而是要为学生提供继续“修改或丰富”的意见。首先为教师们提供题为“评价美国独立战争的原因”的论文，这些论文是由11年级学生在45分钟内完成的。想一想背景材料7.1中巴恩斯先生（Mr.Barnes）和凯尔西女士（Ms.Kelsey）这两位老师对同一个学生论文的不同反馈。

背景资料7.1　对美国革命文章的评述^[1]

7号学生论文

When the French and Indian war ended，British expected Americans to help them pay back there war delts.That would be a reasonable request if the war was fought for the colonies，but it is was fought for English imperialism so you can't blame them for not wanting to pay.The taxes were jiust the start of the slow turn toward rebellion another factor was when parliament decided to forbid the colonial government to make any more money，Specie became scarcer than ever，and a lot of merchants were pushed into a“two way squeeze”and faced bankruptcy.If I had the choice between being loyal，or rebelling and having something to eat，I know what my choice would be.The colonist who were really loyal never did rebel，and 1/3 support the revolution.

The main thing that turned most people was the amount of propaganda，speeches from people like Patrick Henry，and organizations like the“Association”After the Boston Massacre and the issuing of the Intolerable acts，people were convinced there was a conspiracy in the royal government to extinguish America's liberties.I think a lot of people also just were going with the flow，or were being pressure by the Sons of Liberty.Merchants who didn't go along with boycotts often became the victims of mob violence.Overall though，people were sick of getting overtaxed and walked on and decided let's do something about it.

巴恩斯先生的最终评语

——你的主题句不明确

——你的文章最好能补充更多的详细事实

——注意拼写和语法错误

成绩：C-(www.xing528.com)

凯尔西女士的最终评语

——文章的最大特点是尽量把握问题的本质：为什么殖民地人民要反抗？请继续思考这个问题，“假如我在那里，会是什么呢？”就从这里起步。

——可是，要使这篇文章能说明问题，你还需要加大文章组织策略的改进力度。请记住你的读者基本上对这场革命都不了解，所以，你需要尽可能地把你的观点阐述清楚。试试把你的观点由开头到中间再到结尾重新组织。

开头，说出你站在哪一端：是什么使殖民地人民起来反抗——钱、宣传、顺从？

中间，提出论据证明你的观点：什么样的事实因素支持你的观点，也能说服你的读者？

结尾，再次向读者展示你的观点。

请修改后再交上来！

资料来源：威尔逊和瓦恩博格（1993：图：1）。获得重印许可。

巴恩斯先生对论文实际内容的评述主要集中在事实层面。而凯尔西女士的评述针对美国独立战争的性质，其视野更加广阔，同时也没有忽视论文中出现的重大事实错误。总体来说，巴恩斯先生把这些论文当作以正态曲线区分学生能力的标示，而凯尔西女士把这些论文看成为历史是记住和列举一大堆历史事件和信息的错误概念的代表。这两位老师对学习历史的本质有十分不同的见解。这些见解又影响了他们的教学方法以及要求学生学习的内容。