前言 一只“石化的猴爪”
［1］Braymer 1960.
［2］Ceram 1951，1967；Stephens 1962；see also Ceram 1958，1966.
［3］Assaf Yasur-Landau of the University of Haifa and I are codirectors of the dig；Andrew Koh of Brandeis University is associate director.
［4］See Jaggard 2014；Lemonick 2014b；Levitan 2013；McIntyre 2014；Naik 2013；Netburn 2013；Wilford 2013.The actual publication of our findings（Koh，Yasur-Landau，and Cline 2014）can be found in the journal PLoS ONE，available online：http：//journals.plos.org/plosone/article？id=10.1371/joumal.pone.0106406.
［5］Media reports appearing on June 2，2016：Hatem 2016；Moye 2016；Rabinovitch 2016；Romey 2016；Smith 2016；Steinbuch 2016；Weber 2016；also http：//www.archaeology.org/news/4507-160602-archaeologists-return-to-the-judean-desert；http：//www.inquisitr.com/3161047/newarch aeology-discovery-2000-year-old-roman-mi li tary-barracks-wi l l-be-viewed-by-subwayriders-video/；http：//www.archaeology.org/news/4503-160601-london-writing-tablet；https：//www.washingtonian.com/2016/06/02/things-to-do-in-dc-this-weekend-june-2-5/.The actual title of the published scholarly analysis of Tut's dagger was a bit more subdued：“The Meteoritic Origin of Tutankhamun's Iron Dagger Blade”—see Comelli，D'Orazio，Folco，El-Halwagy，Frizzi，Alberti，Capogrosso et al.2016.
［6］Dunston 2016.
［7］Cline 2007b.
［8］I said this previously in Cline 2015：620-21；see also Killgrove 2015b.For good discussions debunking such pseudo-archaeology，see Fagan 2006；Feder 2010，2013；Stiebing 1984.
［9］Curry 2015；Dubrow 2014；Mueller 2016；Romano 2015；Romey 2015；Vance 2015.
［10］Lange 2008.
［11］Neuendorf 2015.
［12］Binkovitz 2013；Blumenthal and Mashberg 2015.
［13］Other authors have previously discussed many of the same topics，sites，and archaeologists，of course；I find the various books written or edited by Brian Fagan and by Paul Bahn to be among the most useful and accessible.Relevant volumes are Bahn 1995，1996a，b，c，1999，2000，2001，2003，2007，2008，2009，2014；Bahn and Cunliffe 2000；Bahn and Renfrew 1996；Catling and Bahn 2010；Fagan 1994，1996.2001，2003，2004a，b，2007a，b，2014；Fagan and Durrani 2014，2016；Renfrew and Bahn 2012，2015；see also Hunt 2007；Pollard 2007.
序章 奇妙的东西：图坦卡蒙和他的陵墓
［1］Carter and Mace 1977：95-96.See also Carter 2010；Pollard 2007：134--41；Snape in Bahn 1995：32-35.
［2］Shaer 2014；http：//www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/tut-tut-new-view-kingtutankhamun-sparks-debate-n239166.
［3］On Hatshepsut，see Cooney 2015；Tyldesley 1998.On Thutmose Ⅲ，see Cline and O'Connor 2006；Gabriel 2009.On Akhenaten，see Aldred 1991；Redford 1987.On Nefertiti，see Tyldesley 2005.See also Dodson 2009 and 2014 on the periods both immediately preceding and following Tut.
［4］Reeves 1990：44-46.Many of the details about the tomb and its contents presented below are based on Reeves's excellent book.See also Allen 2006；Reeves and Wilkinson 1996：122-27.The most recent discussion of the two men and their discoveries is by Fagan 2015.
［5］According to Carter's diaries，http：//www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4sealnot.html.
［6］According to Carter's diaries，http：//www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4sealnot.html.
［7］See the entry in Carter's diary at http：//www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4sealnot.html；also Reeves 1990：44-46；Reeves and Wilkinson 1996：122-27.
［8］Ibid.See also Carter's diary at http：//www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4sealnot.html.
［9］Carter and Mace 1977：95-96.See also Carter 2010.
［10］See Carter's diaries，http：//www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4sca l not.html.
［11］See Carter's diaries，http：//www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4sealnot.html.
［12］Reeves and Wilkinson 1996：122-27.
［13］http：//www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4sea1no2.hunl.
［14］http：//www.nytimes.com/leaming/general/onthis day/big/0216.html#article.
［15］http：//www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/discoveringTut/journals-and-diaries/season-4/joumal.html.
［16］http：//www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/discoveringTut/joumals-and-diaries/season-4/journal.html.
［17］Hawass 2005：263-72；http：//press.national geographic.com/2005/03/07/tutankhamun-ct-scanresults-issued-march-7-2005-by-the-egyptian-supreme-council-of-antiquities/；http：//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4328903.stm.
［18］King and Cooper 2006.
［19］Handwerk 2005.
［20］Shaer 2014；http：//www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/tut-tut-new-view-kingtutankhamun-sparks-debate-n239166.
［21］Hawass 2010：34-59；see also Hawass et al.2010：638-47.
［22］See Keys 2015；Martin 2015；Reeves 2014.
［23］Reeves 2015b：1；see http：//www.highres.factum-arte.org/Tutankhamun/.
［24］Del Giudice 2014；Neild 2014.
［25］Reeves 2015a，b.
［26］See Borger 2016；Ghose 2015；Hessler 2015，2016a，b；Jarus 2016；Strauss 2015；also http：//www.archaeology.org/news/4269-160317-tutankhamun-tomb-scan.
第1章 火山灰下的古意大利
［1］Wade 2015b.
［2］Mocella et al.2015.
［3］Wade 2015b.
［4］Van Gilder Cooke 2016；see also http：//popular-archaeology.com/issue/winter-2015-2016/article/metallic-ink-used-in-the-herculaneum-scrolls.
［5］Jaggard 2015；Seabrook 2015；Urbanus 2015；Wade 2015b.Similar techniques are now being used on carbonized scrolls that have been found elsewhere，such as at Elephantine in Egypt and En Gedi in Israel.See Estrin 2016；Gannon 2016；Scales，Parker，Segal，Tov，Shor，and Porath 2016.
［6］Bahn 1995：122-25；Bahn 1996b：154-59；Fagan and Durrani 2014：27；Pollard 2007：16-21.
［7］See the entries on Winckelmann in Fagan 2003：22-25 and Fagan 2014：42-45.See also Fagan and Durrani 2014：10-14 for a good discussion，and definitions，of the types of archaeology，including prehistoric，classical，biblical，underwater，forensic，historical，and industrial，as well as Egyptology，Assyriology，and bioarchaeology.
［8］There are many，many，many books written about Pompeii and Herculaneum.Among the best are Beard 2010；Berry 2007；Cooley and Cooley 2013；Ellis 2011；Grant 1980，2005.
［9］Translation available at http：//www.gutenberg.org/files/2811/2811-h/2811-h.htm.
［10］In the lost wax method，a sculptor creates a statue in wax，then encases it in a harder material and heats it up so that the wax melts and runs out a hole in the bottom.This leaves a cavity in the exact shape of the wax within the harder material，into which molten bronze can then be poured，which creates the same shape in metal as had been originally in wax.
［11］Stewart 2006.
［12］Clinton 2013；Glover 2013；Griffiths 2015b；Sheldon 2014.
［13］Povoledo 2015；Woollaston 2015.
［14］http：//volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/lahar/ruiz.php；http：//pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0276/.
［15］http：//www.herculaaneum.ox.ac.uk/files/newsletters/harchissuel.pdf.
［16］Mastrolorenzo et al.2001.
［17］Jashemski 1979，2014.
［18］See，e.g.，Gates 2011：356-67；MacKendrick 1960：196-223.
［19］Fuller 2014.
［20］Ibid.
［21］See http：//classics.uc.edu/pompeii/index.php/news/I-latest/142-ipads2010.html，http：//www.macworld.com/article/l 154717/ipad_archeology_pompeii.html，and https：//www.macstories.net/ipad/apple-profiles-researchers-using-ipads-in-pompeii/.
［22］Gates 2011：365-67；see also http：//www.stoa.org/diotima/essays/seaford.shtml.
［23］The following examples are taken from Lewis and Reinhold 1990：236-38，276-78.
［24］Kumar 2013.
第2章 挖掘特洛伊
［1］Described by Schliemann in his book，Troy and Its Remains（Schliemann 1875）；quoted by Traill1995：111.I have written about this previously，in Cline 2013：76-80.
［2］Schliemann 1881：453-54，with illustrations and further discussion on subsequent pages.See also the list of items in Traill 1995：111-12，with quotations from the original notebooks，letters，and other relevant records；and Cline 2013：76-80.
［3］Ceram 1967：41-45；see also Mee in Bahn 1995：98-99；Pollard 2007：78-83.
［4］There are many translations of the Iliad；see，for instance，Fagles 1991.For a translation of the Epic Cycle，see Evelyn-White 1914.The story is also briefly recapitulated in Cline 2013.
［5］See discussions in Cline 2013，2014.
［6］Schliemann 1881：3.See，e.g.，Traill 1985，1995：4-5；also Cline 2013：72-73.
［7］Allen 1999.
［8］See the relevant articles on Schliemann's discovery of the treasure in Traill 1993，among other discussions，including Traill1983 and 1984，but especially Fitton 2012.See also Cline 2013：76-80；Rose 1993.
［9］See the relevant articles on Schliemann's discovery of the treasure in Traill 1983，1984，1993；also discussions in Easton 1981，1984a，b，1994，and 1995，as well as Traill 1999，2000.
［10］See the discussions by Meyer，Rose，and Hoffman in Archaeology 46/6（1993）；also Easton 1995；Goldmann，Agar，and Urice 1999；Meyer 1995；and Traill 1995：300-01.
［11］Sayce1890.See also previous brief discussions in Cline 2013：30-33，2014：33-35.
［12］Hrozny 1917.
［13］On the Hittites，see especially the overviews by Bryce 2002，2005，2012；Collins 2007.See also Ceram 1955.
［14］See full discussion in Cline 2013：54-68.
［15］Wilford 1993a.
［16］Cline 2013：98；Jablonka 1994；Korfmann 2004：38；Latacz 2004：22-37；Wilford 1993b.Note that some of the material in this chapter is similar to that which I have previously published in Cline 2013 and 2014.There also are dozens，if not hundreds，of other volumes available on Troy and the Trojan War；among the best are Bryce 2006；Latacz 2004；Strauss 2006；Thomas and Conant 2005；Wood 1996；and，for young adults，Rubalcaba and Cline 2011.
［17］Becker and Jansen 1994：105-14；Bryce 2006：62；Bryce 2010：478；Easton et al.2002：82；Korfrnann 2004：38；Korfmann 2007：24；Latacz 2004：22-24，73；Shanks 2002：29.
［18］Cline 2013：99-10；Korfmann 2004.
［19］Easton 2010；Schachermeyr 1950.
［20］Kunnen-Jones 2002；Reilly 2004；Rose 2014：226，249-50.
第3章 从埃及到永恒
［1］Recent articles about such claims or beliefs include Kaufman 2016；Killgrove 2015a.
［2］The following publications also will provide clear and accurate information about the archaeology of ancient Egypt，including further details on the topics discussed in this chapter：Bard 2008；Kemp 2005；Lehner and Wilkinson 1997；Robins 2008；Silverman 2003；Wilkinson 2013.
［3］Fagan 2004b：65-128.On the history of Egyptology up until 1881，see Thompson 2015.
［4］Fagan 2004b：98-104.See the entry on Belzoni by Garry J.Shaw in Fagan 2014：46-50；also Pollard 2007：40-43.
［5］Fagan 2004b：177-81；Reid 2002：44-46；Thompson 2015：198-207；see also the entry on Lepsius by Garry J.Shaw in Fagan 2014：51-55.
［6］Fagan 2004b：181-91；Thompson 2015：223-82；see also the entry on Mariette by Garry J.Shaw in Fagan 2014：56-61.
［7］Fagan 2004b：47-56；Reid 2002：31-36；Thompson 2015：97-103.
［8］Fagan 2004b：157-70；Reid 2002：40-44；Robinson 2012；see also Pollard 2007：44-47；Snape in Bahn 1995：40-41.
［9］Bard 2008：25-33.
［10］On Egyptian chronology and dates，see，e.g.，Bard 2008：36-55.
［11］See，e.g.，Weiss 2012.
［12］Cline 2014.
［13］On mummification and the specific details discussed in the following paragraphs，see，e.g.，Andrews 1984；Hamilton-Paterson and Andrews 1978.
［14］Jarus 2012.
［15］Andrews 1984：29.
［16］See，e.g.，Carrington 2014；Griffiths 2015a；Hawass and Saleem 2015；also http：//www.historyextra.com/feature/secret-lives-ancient-egyptians-revealed-ct-scans-mummies.
［17］Griffiths 2015a.
［18］Anyangwe 2015；Morelle 2015；Robinson and Millner 2015.
［19］On the pyramids and the specific details discussed in the following paragraphs，see especially Lehner and Wilkinson 1997.
［20］Stiebing 2009：136-37.
［21］Brier and Houdin 2009.
［22］See http：//www.universetoday.com/93398/can-you-see-the-pyramids-from-space/.
［23］See，e.g.，http：//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/who-built-the-pyramids.html.
［24］See also http：//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/who-built-the-pyramids.html，where Lehner mentions three，rather than four，shifts.
［25］See，e.g.，Lehner and Wilkinson 1997.
［26］For more information，see Lehner and Wilkinson 1997 and others，including Bard 2008：137-40.
［27］Bard 2008：141-42.
［28］See Lorenzi 2016a，b.
［29］See Hatem 2016；Lorenzi 2016c.On efforts by University of Texas physicists at a Maya pyramid in Belize，see the home page of the Maya Muon Research Group led by Professor Roy Schwitters：http：//www.hep.utexas.edu/mayamuon/.
［30］See the abstract booklet from the 67th Annual Meeting（2016）at http：//www.arce.org/files/user/page157/ARCE_2016_Abstract_Booklet.pdf.
第4章 美索不达米亚之谜
［1］See Time，“Books：Dame Agatha：Queen of the Maze，”January 26，1976.In that article，she is cited as having pronounced this on the occasion of her twenty-fifth wedding anniversary.Available online for Time subscribers at http：//content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0，33009，913961-2，00.html.For the book that accompanied the exhibit at the British Museum，see Trümpler 2001.
［2］Christie 2011；see also http：//bjrichards.blogspot.com/2013/01/more-deadly-than-male-life-ofkatharine_4954.html.She also wrote about their life while on excavation，to answer questions posed by friends upon their return；see Mallowan 2012.See also Trümpler 2001.
［3］Lloyd 1980b：43-56；Moorey 1982.See also Larsen 1996；Roux 1992.
［4］Zettler and Horne 1998：14-19，21-23.
［5］Zettler and Home 1998：22-25；see also Edens in Bahn 1995：142-43；Edens in Bahn 1996c：68-71；Pollard 2007：128-33.
［6］Zettler and Horne 1998：22-25；see also Edens in Bahn 1996c：68-71；Pollard 2007：128-33.
［7］See Lloyd 1980a for a good overview，as well as Fagan 2007b and Larsen 1996 for much more detailed，and easily accessible，discussions of early archaeologists in Mesopotamia，to which the following pages owe much；see also http：//www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/colossal_winged_bull.aspx；and http：//www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/colossal_statue_of_winged_lion.aspx.
［8］Bahn 2008：26；Fagan 2003：55-57；Fagan 2007b：79-93；Larsen 1996：79-87，178-88，215-27，293-305，333-37；Lloyd 1980a：14，75-78；and the entry on Rawlinson by Andrew Robinson in Fagan 2014：183-85.
［9］Fagan 2003：55-57；Fagan 2007b：90-92；Lloyd 1980a：14，75-78.
［10］See Bahn 2008：26；Fagan 2003：55-57；Fagan 2007b：79-93；Larsen 1996：79-87，178-88，215-27，293-305，333-37；Lloyd 1980a：14，75-78；and the entry on Rawlinson by Andrew Robinson in Fagan 2014：183-85.
［11］Lloyd 1980a：94-98；Lloyd 1980b：35.See also Edens in Bahn 1995：150-51；Fagan 2007b：97-107；Larsen 1996：3-33.
［12］Ibid.
［13］Fagan 2003：45-46，51-54；Fagan 2007b：109-15；Larsen 1996：34-69；Lloyd 1980a：15-16，87-94；Oates and Oates 2001：2-6；and the entry on Layard by Joan Oates in Fagan 2014：68-71；see also Edens in Bahn 1995：150-51；Pollard 2007：48-53.
［14］Fagan 2007b：109-23.See also Larsen 1996：70-78，88-98，115-24.
［15］Quoted in Lloyd 1980a：101.
［16］Fagan 2007b：115-23；Larsen 1996：88-124；Lloyd 1980a：101-3.
［17］El-Ghobashy 2015.
［18］Fagan 2007b：131.134-36；Layard 1849；Oates and Oates 2001：6.
［19］Fagan 2007b：136-44；Larsen 1996：196-235，255-74.
［20］Fagan 2007b：136-44；Larsen 1996：196-235，255-74；Lloyd 1980a：125-29；Russell 1991：1.
［21］Byron 1815，http：//www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/173083.
［22］Ussishkin 1984，1987，1988.See also Ussishkin 2014.
［23］Bleibtreu 1990，1991.
［24］Quoted in Lloyd 1980b：33；also in Fagan 2014：71 and Lloyd 1980a：125.
［25］Fagan 2007b：xi.
［26］Fagan 2007b：106-7；Larsen 1996：32；Lloyd 1980b：36；Parrot 1955：40-41.
［27］Fagan 2007b：123-31；Larsen 1996：125-32.
［28］Fagan 2007b：183-85；Larsen 1996：344-49；Lloyd 1980a：98，130-31，134，140；Lloyd 1980b：32-33，36；Parrot 1955：42.
［29］Lloyd 1980b：32-33，36.
［30］Fagan 2007b：173-83；Larsen 1996：315-32；Lloyd 1980a：138-39.
［31］Fagan 2007b：181；Lloyd 1980a：126.
［32］Lloyd 1980a：98，135-39；Lloyd 1980b：31.
［33］A good translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh was published by George in 2003.
［34］Lloyd 1980a：146-47；Oates and Oates 2001：8-9；Russell 1991：4.
［35］Finkel 2014a，b；Moss 2014.
［36］See，e.g.，Kramer 1988；Roux 1992.
［37］For an overview and collection of relevant bibliography，see Moro-Abadia 2006：4-17.See also especially Gosden 2001，2004；Meskell 1998；Silberman 1989；and Trigger 1984.
［38］See Hussein 2016；Luhnow 2003；Oates in Fagan 2007a：66-69.See also http：//news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/06/photogal leries/nimrud/photo3.html.
第5章 探秘中美洲丛林
［1］See Chase et al.2010，2011，2012，2014.
［2］Fagan and Durrani 2014：136.
［3］See Wilford 2010；also http：//www.archaeology.org/news/2443-140818-mexico-yucatanmaya-cities-rediscovered（quote）；http：//news.national geographic.com/news/2010/05/photogalleries/100520-ancient-maya-city-belize-science-pictures/.
［4］Stephens 1949，2：245-46.See also the discussion in Stuart and Stuart 2008：35-63.
［5］Stephens 1949，2：247.
［6］Stephens 1949，1962.
［7］See the introduction in Koch 2013：1-8.See also the introductions written by Victor Wolfgang von Hagen and published in the reprints of Stephens's volumes by the University of Oklahoma Press（1962；1970），as well as Glassman 2003；Koch 2013；and von Hagen 1947.See also the recent publication by Carlsen 2016.
［8］Koch 2013：1.
［9］See the entry on Stephens and Catherwood by Michael D.Coe in Fagan 2014：63-67；also Pollard 2007：54-57.
［10］Republished as Stephens 1970.
［11］See also Carlsen 2016：158-59，257-61，325-26 for comments on，and descriptions of，these various ailments.
［12］Stephens 1949，2：368-74；quotation taken from 2：373-74.See also Carlsen 2016：x-xi，231-33，284-88，358-62 on Stephens's comments in favor of construction by the local inhabitants both here and at other Maya sites；also the brief discussion of the previous explorers of Copán by Koch 2013：98-99.
［13］Stephens 1949，1：123-25.
［14］Stephens 1949，2：386.Quoted also in Koch 2013：6.
［15］Coe2012.
［16］See the entry on these three scholars—Thompson，Proskouriakoff，and Knorosov—by Michael D.Coe in Fagan 2014：191-95；also Stone in Bahn 1995：218-19.
［17］See http：//www.unc.edu/news/archives/jan07/maya010907.htm；Stuart and Stuart 1977；Stuart and Stuart 1993.
［18］See https：//www.macfound.org/fellows/214/.See also Coe 2012 and the similarly titled documentary，“Breaking the Maya Code，”of which portions are available on YouTube，as well as the entry on Maya writing by David Stuart in Fagan 2007a：242-43；also Stone in Bahn 1995：218-19.Note also the bibliography listing for Stuart in Houston，Mazariegos，and Stuart 2001.
［19］Lyon-House 2012；Stuart 2011.
［20］Fash 2001；Koch 2013：129；Stuart 2011：275-78 and Appendix 5；http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/129.
［21］Carlsen 2016：122-24；Koch 2013：123-25；Stephens 1949，1：98-99.
［22］Stephens 1949，1：110-11.
［23］Coe 2005：115；Fash 2001：129，139-50；and Carlsen 57-65（for a lengthy description and discussion of their entire time at Copan）.
［24］See http：//www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/worldhistory/mayanballgame.htm.For a recent scholarly treatment see Blomster 2012：8020-25.
［25］Hammond 1982：46-48；Koch 2013：130；see also the entry on Alfred Maudslay by Norman Hammond in Fagan 2014：78-82.
［26］Koch 2013：154；Stephens 1949，2：163-66.
［27］http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/64；http：//www.tikalnationalpark.org；Bahn 2009：136-37；Coe 2005：122-25；Stuart and Stuart 1977：52.See also Harrison 1999.
［28］Coe 2005：124-25；http：//www.tikalnationalpark.org；http：//www.mayan-traveler.com/tikalelmirador-flores-copan.php；http：//www.utexas.edu/cofa/art/347/maya_tikal.html；http：//mesoweb.com/encyc/index.asp？passcall=rightframeexact＆rightframeexact=http%3A//mesoweb.com/encyc/view.asp%3Fact%3Dviewexact%26view%3Dnormal%26word%3DI%26wordAND%3DJasaw+Chan+KawiiL
［29］Koch 2013：82-84，91-95；Stuart and Stuart 2008：35-63.
［30］See Carlsen 2016：x-xi，231-33，284-88，358-62（on Stephens's arguments against influence from Atlanteans，Egyptians，Phoenicians，or others）.
［31］Carlsen 2016：245-60；Koch 2013：162-70；Stephens 1949，2：288-90.
［32］Stephens 1949，2：288；Stone in Bahn 1995：216-17.
［33］Koch 2013：167-68；also Cortez in Bahn 1996c：126-29；Fagan and Durrani 2014：333；Stone in Bahn 1995：216-17.
［34］Stuart and Stuart 2008：6-7；also Cortez in Bahn 1996c：126-29；Fagan and Durrani 2014：333；Stone in Bahn 1995：216-17.
［35］This has been featured in an episode of the television show Ancient Aliens，which discusses whether this scene shows Pacal piloting a space ship；see episode one of season four（2012）.
［36］Stone in Bahn 1995：216-17；Stuart and Stuart 2008：11-12，92-98.
［37］http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/411.
［38］Stuart and Stuart 2008：12，22，74-105，182-84.
［39］Stuart in Fagan 2007a：94-97.
［40］Koch 2013：178-81；Stephens 1949，vols.1-2.
［41］Carlsen 2016：331-39；Koch 2013：188-244；Stephens 1962，vols.1-2.
［42］Coe 2005：188-89，with references.
［43］Bahn 2009：144-45；Coe 2005：179-90；Koch 2013：225-30.
［44］Bahn 2009：144-45；http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/483.
［45］Stephens 1962：chapters 16 and 17（also available online at http：//www.gutenberg.org/files/33130/33130-h/33130-h.htm#div1_17）.
［46］Coe 2005：188-89，with references.
［47］Coe 2005：161；see also（in some cases，with a large grain of salt）Ghose 2014；Mott 2012；Moyer 2014；Stromberg 2012；http：//popular-archaeology.com/issue/summer-2015/article/classic-ancient-maya-collapse-not-caused-by-overpopulation-and-deforestation-say-researchers；http：//science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2009/06oct_maya/.
更深一层1 如何确定挖掘地？
［1］For concise discussions of much of the material covered in this interlude，see Fagan and Durrani 2014：120-49（chapter 8）.The following also will be of interest to those seeking information beyond what is presented in this chapter：Banning 2002；Collins and Molyneaux 2003；Conyers 2013；Howard 2007；Leach 1992；White and King 2007.
［2］Fagan and Durrani 2014：92.
［3］See Fagan and Durrani 2014：87 for more on these definitions of artifacts and features，as well for definitions of structures and ecofacts.
［4］The following section on surveys and surveying is based on，and indebted to，the discussion in Fagan and Durrani 2014：126-36.
［5］Fagan and Durrani 2014：126-29，144-45，157.
［6］Casana 2015；Vergano 2014；see also http：//www.nro.gov/history/csnr/corona/；http：//www.nro.gov/history/csnr/corona/factsheet.html.
［7］Bradford 1957.
［8］Fagan and Durrani 2014：145；Lerici 1959，1962.Lerici's team，including archaeologists from the University of Pennsylvania in the later years，also employed very early versions of proton magnetometers as well as electronic resistivity meters，both of which will be discussed later in this book，to aid them in their detection of additional tombs.
［9］Fagan and Durrani 2014：135，fig.8，10.
［10］Blumenthal and Mashberg 2015；Cronin 2011；Parcak 2009；Said-Moorhouse 2013.For a clip of Sarah Parcak's appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on January 8，2016，see https：//youtu.be/vK2 t27FNJmU.
［11］Maugh 1992.
［12］Fagan and Durrani 2014：133-34.
［13］Ibid.
［14］Tepper 2002，2003a，b，2007.
［15］Adams，David，and Tepper 2014；Ben Zion 2015b；Pincus，DeSmet，Tepper，and Adams 2013.See also http：//mfa.gov.il/MFA/IsraelExperience/History/Pages/Roman-legion-camp-uncoveredat-Megiddo-9-Jul-2015.aspx.
［16］Dunston 2016.
［17］Fagan and Durrani 2014：136.On LiDAR and Roman roads in England，see Calderwood 2016；Nagesh 2016；Webster 2015.On Jezreel，see http：//www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/archaeology-today/biblical-archaeology-topics/jezreel-expedition-sheds-new-light-on-ahaband-jezebel's-city/.
［18］McNeil 2015.
［19］Fagan and Durrani 2014：141-42.
［20］Cline and Yasur-Landau 2006.
［21］Fagan and Durrani 2014.
［22］Ibid.
［23］See，e.g.，Dvorsky 2014a.
［24］Fagan and Durrani 2014：130-31；Keys 2014.See also Dvorsky 2014b.
［25］Keys 2014；Dvorsky 2014b；Moss 2015.See further http：//www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/09/07/superhenge-discovery-at-stonehenge/71846436/；http：//www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-wiltshire-34156673？ocid=socialflow_twitter%3FSThisFB%3FSThisFB.
［26］Keys 2016；Knapton 2016.
［27］Fagan and Durrani 2014：126.
［28］Fagan and Durrani 2014：125-26.
［29］Fagan and Durrani 2014：129-30.
［30］Yasur-Landau，Cline，and Pierce 2008.
第6章 发现人类最早的远祖
［1］Shreeve 2015；see also McKenzie 2016；Wilford 2015；and Williams 2016.For the original scientific publication，see Berger et al.2015.
［2］Note that hominin is now used in place of the previous term，hominid，to mean“the group consisting of modem humans，extinct human species，and all our immediate ancestors（including members of the genera Homo，Australopithecus，Paranthropus，and Ardipithecus）.”See http：//australianmuseum.net.au/hominid-and-hominin-whats-the-difference#sthash.bYSSx6yE.dpuf；also http：//www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/whats-in-a-name-hominid-versushominin-216054/？no-ist.
［3］McKenzie 2016；Shreeve 2015；Wilford 2015；Williams 2016.
［4］See，e.g.，Lents 2016；McKie 2015；Pyne 2016；Williams 2016.For a previous announcement by Berger of another discovery of early hominin fossils，from a cave near Johannesburg in South Africa，see Berger et al.2010，Wilford 2015，Williams 2016，and http：//www.sciencemag.org/site/extra/sediba/.These particular fossils were excavated in August 2008，after Berger's nine-year-old son found the first two by accident.They were officially named Australopithecus sediba in 2010.Berger dates them to about 1.78-1.95 million years ago.
［5］http：//www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/bios/leakeys/.Many books have been written about the Leakeys，or by the Leakeys themselves.See，for example，Bowman-Kruh 2005；Cole 1975；M.D.Leakey 1979，1986；R.E.Leakey 1984；Morell1996.
［6］Pearson 2003；http：//www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/bios/leakeys/.
［7］http：//wwwnationalgeographic.com/explorers/bios/leakeys/；http：//www.leakey.com/bios/meave-leakey.
［8］See，e.g.，Leakey and Lewin 1979.
［9］Thackery in Bahn 1996c：18-19；Wong 2011；http：//www.leakey.com/bios/richard-leakey.
［10］Cole 1975.
［11］Fagan 2003：148-52；see also the entry on the Leakeys by Brian Fagan in Fagan 2014：215-19.A greatly expanded version of the story also can be found in Fagan 1994：57-78.
［12］Bahn 2008：76-78；Fagan 2003：148-52；Fagan 2014：215-19.See also http：//www.leakey.com/bios/louis-seymour-bazett-leakey；http：//www.leakey.com/bios/mary-leakey；http：//www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/do591e.html.
［13］http：//www.leakey.com/bios/mary-leakey；http：//humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/footprints/laetoli-footprint-trails；http：//www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/newsletters/10_1/laetoli.html；http：//www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/educators/course/session5/engage_a.html.
［14］Thackeray in Bahn 1995：18-19.
［15］Fagan and Durrani 2014：42；Raichlen et al.2010；Thackeray in Bahn 1995：18-19.
［16］http：//humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/footprints/footprints-koobi-fora-kenya.
［17］McKie 2012；Millar 1972；Spencer 1990；Walsh 1996.
［18］“Science：End as a Man，”Time，November 30，1953；available online at http：//content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0，33009，823171，00.html.
［19］https：//iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story.See also Johanson and Edey 1981；Johanson and Wong 2010；Pollard 2007：192-97；Thackeray in Bahn 1995：17-18；Thackeray in Bahn 1996c：14-17.
［20］https：//iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story.See also Johanson and Edey 1981；Johanson and Wong 2010；Pollard 2007：192-97；Thackeray in Bahn 1995：17-18；Thackeray in Bahn 1996c：14-17.
［21］See https：//iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story；Johanson and Edey 1981.
［22］http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/1393.
［23］See the entry on Garrod by William Davies in Fagan 2014：202-5；also Bar-Yosef and Callander 2006：380-424；Davies and Charles 1999；Fagan 2003：136-39.
［24］Bahn 2008：44-45；and see the entry on Garrod by William Davies in Fagan 2014：202-5.
［25］http：//www.timesofisrael.com/finding-man-israels-prehistoric-caves/.
［26］Bahn 2008：44-45.
［27］Choi 2014；Lemonick 2014a.
［28］Bahn 2009：38-39；Bar-Yosef，Vandermeersch，Arensburg，Belfer-Cohen，Goldberg，Laville，and Meignen 1992：497-550.
［29］Edwards 2010；Solecki 1954，1971，1975；Solecki，Solecki，and Agelarakis 2004；Trinkaus 1983.
［30］Edwards 2010；Solecki 1954，1971.1975；Sommer 1999；Trinkaus 1983.
［31］For a good overview of all the cave paintings，see Curtis 2006.
［32］Bahn 1995：58-59；Fagan and Durrani 2014：32；Pollard 2007：74-77；Spivey 2005：17-20.See also Saura Ramos，Pérez-Seoane，and Martinez 1999.
［33］See，in addition to the references in the previous footnote，also http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/310；http：//www.visual-arts-cork.com/prehistoric/altamira-cave-paintings.htm.
［34］http：//www.visual-arts-cork.com/prehistoric/altamira-cave-paintings.htm.
［35］http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/310.
［36］Altares 2015a，b；Rubin 2015.See also http：//www.bradshawfoundation.com/news/cave_art_paintings.php？id=The-Spanish-Cave-of-Altamira-opens-with-politics.
［37］Cosgrove 2014.See also Bahn 1995：60-61；Bahn 2009：84-85；Bataille 1955.
［38］http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/85.
［39］Bahn 1995：60-61；Bahn 2009：84-85；Hammer 2015；Thurman 2008.See also http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/85；http：//www.bradshaw foundation.com/lascaux/index.php.
［40］Bahn 1995：60-61；Bahn 2009：84-85.See also http：//www.bradshawfoundation.com/lascaux/index.php.
［41］the public can visit Cosgrove 2014；Hammer 2015；Rubin 2015.See also http：//www.bradshawfoundation.com/chauvet/chauvet_cave_paintings.php.
［42］Dargis 2011；http：//www.bradshawfoundation.com/chauvet/chauvet_cave_paintings.php；http：//www.bradshawfoundation.com/chauvet/chauvet_cave_UNE SCO_world_heritage_site.php；http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/1426；http：//www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/chav/hd_chav.htm.
［43］Callaway 2016；Chauvet，Deschamps，and Hillaire 1996：35-70；Clottes 2003；Fagan and Durrani 2014：16；Lichfield 2016；Nomade et al.2016.
［44］Hammer 2015；Morelle and Denman 2015.See also http：//www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/chav/hd_chav.htm；http：//www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Chauvet_Cave.
［45］Daley 2016；Netburn 2016；Quiles et al.2016.
［46］Thurman 2008；http：//www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Chauvet_Cave.
［47］Dargis 2011；Thurman 2008.See also http：//www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Chauvet_Cave.
［48］Hammer 2015；based on Chauvet，Deschamps，and Hillaire 1996：41.
［49］Hammer 2015；also http：//www.newworld encyclopedia.org/entry/ChauvetCave.
［50］Hammer 2015；Thurman 2008；http：//www.bradshaw foundation.com/chauvet/chauvet_cave_paintings.php.
［51］See http：//www.donsmaps.com/images9/chauvetmap.gif for a useful and detailed map redrawn by Don Hitchcock，after one originally published in Clottes 2003.The succeeding paragraphs follow this map.
［52］Dargis 2011；Rubin 2015.
［53］http：//www.prehistoric-wildlife.com/species/m/megaloceros.html.
［54］Callaway 2016；Lichfield 2016；Nomade et al.2016.
［55］Thurman 2008.
［56］Hammer 2015；Morelle and Denman 2015；Rubin 2015.
［57］Minder 2014.
［58］Williams 2016 uses this same apt analogy—of the family tree turning into a bush—in an article that appeared in The New Yorker as the final draft of this manuscript was being completed，writing，“As more fossils surfaced and better research tools allowed for nuanced comparisons，the tree became a bush with many branches，depicting diverse species that overlapped in time.”
第7章 新月沃土最初的农夫
［1］http：//occupytheory.org/gobekli-tepe-hoax-debunked/；http：//www.history.com/shows/ancientaliens/episodes/season-2.Curry 2008；Fagan and Durrani 2014：236-37；Mann 2011；Schmidt in Fagan 2007a：180-83；Spivey 2005：44-49.
［2］http：//www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/07/turkey-worlds-oldest-temple-discovered-insouth.html#；http：//www.hurriyetdaily news.com/ancient-gobeklitepe-pioneer-schmidt-passesaway.aspx？pageID=8＆nID=69418＆NewsCatID=375.
［3］A dated but still valuable resource that presents these theories briefly is Redman 1978.See also，e.g.，Simmons 2007 with numerous additional references.
［4］Curry 2008；Mann 2011；Spivey 2005：44-49.
［5］Gray 2015；Osborne 2015；http：//www.hurriyetdailynews.com/signs-of-worlds-first-pictographfound-in-gobeklitepe-.aspx？pageID=238＆nID=85438＆NewsCatID=375
［6］Curry 2008；Mann 2011；Spivey 2005：44-49.
［7］Mann 2011.
［8］Curry 2008；Mann 2011；Spivey 2005：44-49.
［9］Curry 2008.
［10］See Cline 2012：42-44.
［11］See Cline 2015：620-21.
［12］Garstang and Garstang 1940；see also Edens in Bahn 1995：140-41.
［13］Kenyon 1957.
［14］Fagan and Durrani 2014：88，98-100，103；see also Bahn 2008：56-57；Fagan 2014：139（within the entry on Petrie by Garry J.Shaw）；Hallote 2006：154-55，181.Max Uhle and Nels Nelson are considered by New World archaeologists to have done the same in regard to introducing the concept of stratigraphy into North American rchaeology.
［15］See discussion in Cline 2007a：93-120.
［16］See，e.g.，Barkai and Liran 2008.
［17］See，e.g.，Edens in Bahn 1996c：42-45.
［18］http：//www.damienhirst.com/for-the-love-of-god；http：//www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/video/2012/apr/18/damien-hirst-tate-modern-skull-video；http：//www.tate.org.uk/contextcomment/video/tateshots-damien-hirst-love-god.
［19］Nigro 2006：1-40.See also the publications posted at https：//uniromal.academia.edu/LorenzoNigro.
［20］http：//www.catalhoyuk.com；see also Edens in Bahn 1995：68-69；Pollard 2007：172-75.
［21］Fagan and Durrani 2014：53；Hodder 2006.
［22］Hodder 2006.
［23］See http：//maxlab.mcmaster.ca/research-projects-l/catalhoeyuk-turkey for a list of publications on the analysis of obsidian found at Çatalhöyük.
［24］http：//www.sci-news.com/archaeology/science-catalhoyuk-map-mural-volcaniceruption-01681.html；Schmitt et al.2014.
［25］Balter 2009；Hodder 2011.See also http：//www.catalhoyuk.com/newsletters/04/introduction.html；http：//photocollage.topic show.com/PhotoCollage.aspx？Category=events＆Title=turkishcatalhoyuk-fashion-show-at-shanghai-world-expo＆Mode=Public.
［26］Phillips 1955：246-47；Willcy and Phillips 1958：2.
［27］Fagan and Durrani 2014：46-49；Kelly and Thomas 2013：13-14，35-38.
［28］Kelly and Thomas 2013：35-38.See also Fagan and Durrani 2014：46-49.
［29］See，e.g.，Hodder 1986，1987，1999；also Fagan and Durrani 2014：46-49；Kelly and Thomas 2013：35-38.
［30］http：//www.catalhoyuk.com/library/goddess.html；http：//www.musetours.com/explore-the-landof-mother-goddess/.
［31］See，for instance，Gimbutas 1974，1991.For a recent discovery，see Kark 2016.
第8章 揭秘希腊初民
［1］Schliemann 1880.See also Castledon 2005；French 2002；Schofield 2007.
［2］Pausanias，Description of Greece 2.16.6-7；translation available online at http：//www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias2B.html.
［3］Schliemann 1880：60-61.
［4］Ibid.，61.
［5］Ibid.，61-62.
［6］Ibid.，80-99.
［7］Harrington 1999；Riley 2015.See also Ceram 1966：59-60 for a slightly different wording in the telegram，beginning with“I am overwhelmed with joy.”
［8］Schliemann 1880：86，99.
［9］Musgrave et al.1995：107-36.See also Brown et al.2000：115-19.Similar work has now been done on some of the skeletons from Grave Circle A；see Papazoglou-Manioudaki et al.2009：233-77；Papazoglou-Manioudaki et al.2010：157-224.
［10］http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/941
［11］Robinson 2002.
［12］Cline 1987，1998.
［13］See further discussion in Cline 2014.
［14］Blakemore 2015；Lawler 2015；Wade 2015a，2016；also http：//magazine.uc.edu/issues/0316/pay_dirt.html.See now Davis and Stocker 2016.
［15］Castledon 1993；Evans 1921-23；Fitton 2002；see also Mee in Bahn 1995：92-93；Pollard 2007：108-13.
［16］Eisler 1988.
［17］Ceram 1966：31-33；Lapatin 2002.
［18］Koehl1986：407-17.
［19］Niemeier 1988；Shaw 2004.
［20］Bietak 1992：26-28.
第9章 找到了亚特兰蒂斯？
［1］Owen 2011；see also the relevant chapter in Adams 2015.
［2］See Adams 2015 for a collection of the claims，which he investigated.
［3］Herodotus，Histories，Ⅳ.147；http：//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text？doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D147%3Asection%3D1.
［4］Herodotus，Histories.Ⅳ.147；see also Apollonios Rhodius，Argonautica，4.173，175.
［5］Marinatos 1939：425-39.
［6］Doumas 1983.
［7］Doumas 1993；Marinatos 1984.
［8］Cline 1991.
［9］Davis 1986.
［10］Doumas 1993.
［11］Morris 1989.
［12］Friedrich et al.2006；Manning et al.2006；Manning 2014；see also discussions in Warburton 2009.
［13］For further discussions，and specific references for additional reading，see Cline 2007a：85-86，210.
［14］See discussions in Cline 1994.
［15］See Luce 1969.
［16］Translation by Benjamin Jowett；http：//classics.mit.edu/Plato/timaeus.html.
［17］See the amusing recounting in Adams 2015.
［18］Ritner and Moeller 2014.
第10章 海面下的迷人宝库
［1］See discussion in Cline 2014：73-79，with further references；see also Fagan and Durrani 2014：328-29；Mee in Bahn 1995：102-3.
［2］http：//www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/nautical-archaeology/.
［3］Bass 1967.
［4］http：//nauticalarch.org/about/history/.
［5］https：//www.archaeological.org/awards/goldmedal.
［6］A sample of the publications to date include Bass 1986，1987；and Pulak 1998，1999，2010.A concise discussion can be found at http：//nautical arch.org/projects/all/southern_europe_mediterranean_aegean/uluburun_turkey/introduction/.
［7］See Bass 1986，1987；Pulak 1998，1999，2010.
［8］Numerous citations could be given for all of this from the various scholarly publications，but it is most usefully summarized on the INA's own website at http：//nauticalarch.org/projects/all/southern_europe_mediterranean_aegean/uluburun_turkey/continuing_study/dendrochronological_dating/.
［9］Pulak 1998.164
［10］Stem et al.2008.
［11］Jackson and Nicholson 2010；Walton et al.2009.
［12］Cucchi 2008.
［13］For pictures and further description，see especially Bass 1987.
［14］Manning et al.2009.
［15］Cline and Yasur-Landau 2007.
第11章 从掷铁饼到民主
［1］https：//www.rio20l6.com/en/sports；http：//ancientolympics.arts.kuleuven.be/eng/TC002cEN.html；http：//www.bullshido.org/Pankration.
［2］Andronicos 1992：18；D.H.Cline 2016：97；Gates 2011：245；Pollard 2007：26；Swaddling 1999：7；Yalouris and Yalouris 1987：27.
［3］Andronicos 1992：18；Clayton and Price 1989：76-77；Gates 2011：245；Swaddling 1999：13，16；Yalouris and Yalouris 1987：27.
［4］Gates 2011：245；Kyrieleis 2007：102；Pausanias，Description of Greece，5.7.1-6.21.7；Pollard 2007：26-27；Swaddling 1999：13，16；translation available online at http：//www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias5A.html#7；http：//www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias5B.html；http：//www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias 6A.html；http：//www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias6B.html.
［5］D.H.Cline 2016：99.
［6］Andronicos 1992：18-23，27；Clayton and Price 1989：61，65-67，76-77；D.H.Cline 2016：97；Gates 2011：246-49；Kyrieleis 2007：108-11；MacKendrick 1979：165，220-23；Swaddling 1999：16-20；Yalouris and Yalouris 1987：16-17.
［7］Andronicos 1992：23-27；Kyrieleis 2007：104-5；MacKendrick 1979：287-89；Pollard 2007：29；Swaddling 1999：8.
［8］Kyrieleis 2007：102-3；MacKendrick 1979：218，220；Pollard 2007：27；Swaddling 1999：16.
［9］Ceram 1966：34-37；Dyson 2006：82-85；Kyrieleis 2007：102-3；MacKendrick 1979：218-20；Pollard 2007：27-28；Swaddling 1999：16.
［10］Schaar 2012：328，citing Evans 1931：19.See also MacKendrick 1979：4.
［11］Dyson 2006：198；Kyrieleis 2007：106；MacKendrick 1979：224；Swaddling 1999：16.(www.xing528.com)
［12］Andronicos 1992：14-18；Gates 2011：245-46，249-50；Kyrieleis 2007：104，106，112-13；MacKendrick 1979：163-64，223-26，287-89；Swaddling 1999：14-36；Yalouris and Yalouris 1987：10-29；http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/517.
［13］Andronicos 1992：30-32；Kyrieleis 2007：113-14，figs.28-32；MacKendrick 1979：164，225；Swaddling 1999：30-31.
［14］Andronicos 1992：31；Kyrieleis 2007：113，figs.29-30；MacKendrick 1979：225.
［15］Gates 2011：245-46；MacKendrick 1979：164-65；Swaddling 1999：27-29；Yalouris and Yalouris 1987：11.
［16］Andronicos 1992：27-28；Clayton and Price 1989：66-67，70；Kyrieleis 2007：110-11；MacKendrick 1979：223；Swaddling 1999：20.
［17］See Swaddling 1999：53-54，57-89 for more details on the following paragraphs.
［18］D.H.Cline 2016：96-97，100；Gates 2011：250-51；Swaddling 1999：53-54，57-89.
［19］Suetonius，Nero，23-24；http：//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text？doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1 999.02.0132%3Alife%3Dnero%3A chapter%3D23；and http：//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text？doc=Perseus：abo：phi，1348，016：24.
［20］Andronicos 1993：10-12，17-19；D.H.Cline 2016：190；Gates 2011：239-40；MacKendrick 1979：292-93；Scott 2014：12-24；Zeilinga de Boer and Hale 2002.
［21］Andronicos 1993：7；Scott 2014：52-63.
［22］Gates 2011：240；Herodotus 1.75.2，1.91.4；Scott 2014：83-85；Zeilinga de Boer and Hale 2002；http：//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text？doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A 1999.01.0126%3Abook%3 D1%3Achapter%3D75%3Asection%3D2；and http：//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text？doc=P erseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D91%3Asection%3D4.
［23］See MacKendrick 1979：293；Scott 2014：23-24；Zeilinga de Boer and Hale 2002.
［24］Andronicos 1993：19-20；Dyson 2006：120-21；MacKendrick 1979：165；Mulliez 2007：141；Scott 2014：267-68；Sheftel 2002；Vogelkoff-Brogan 2014（citing Amandry 1992）.Monetary calculations made according to http：//www.davemanuel.com/infation-calculator.php.
［25］http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/393.
［26］Dyson 2006：119；MacKendrick 1979：166；Mulliez 2007：134-40，142-44，153；Scott 2014：42，252-67，269-73.
［27］MacKendrick 1979：167-68；Mulliez 2007：153-56；Scott 2014：274-84.
［28］Mulliez 2007：151.
［29］Andronicos 1993：20；Herodotus 1.31（translation at http：//wwwperseus.tufts.edu/hopper/tex t？doc=Perseus：text：1999.01.0126：book=l：chapter=31）；MacKendrick 1979：166-67，fig.4.6；Mulliez 2007：144-46，figs.23-25；Scott 2014：67，fig.3.1.
［30］Andronicos 1993：24-27；Gates 2011：244，fig.15.5；MacKendrick 1979：268-70，fig.5.18；Mulliez 2007：147-49，figs.28-31；Scott 2014：123.
［31］Andronicos 1993：8-9，20-21；MacKendrick 1979：168-69；Mulliez 2007：144，147，150-51；Scott 2014：158-59，197-98，209-11.
［32］Mulliez 2007：144，147，151，fig.21.
［33］The following is based on the maps found in a number of publications，including Andronicos 1993：30-31（see also discussions on 15-19）and Gates 2011：239.See also the descriptions in Scott 2014：233-35，291-301，and，originally，Pausanias 10.8.6-10.17.1 and 10.18.1-10.24.7；the latter is at http：//www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias10A.html#5.
［34］Andronicos 1993：16；Gates 2011：243；Scott 2014：112-13，128-29，136-37，291-92，fig.6.2；MacKendrick 1979：172-73.
［35］Andronicos 1993：16-17，20-24；Gates 2011：241-42；MacKendrick 1979：168-70，fig.4.7；Mulliez 2007：144；Scott 2014：105-8，112-13，figs.5.2-5.4.
［36］Gates 2011：243；MacKendrick 1979：170-71；Scott 2014：128.
［37］Andronicos 1993：8；D.H.Cline 2016：137；Gates 2011：243；MacKendrick 1979：172-73；Scott 2014：121-22，240-41，fig.11.4.
［38］Andronicos 1993：17-19；Gates 2011：238-39；MacKendrick 1979：171-72，290-92；Pausanias 10.5.9-13，http：//www.theoi.com/Text/Pausaniasl0A.html#5；Scott 2014：93-97，153-57.
［39］Gates 2011：244；Mulliez 2007：147；Pausanias 10.7.2-8，http：//www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias1 0A.html#5；Scott 2014：73，124-25，244.
［40］See Camp 2001；Hurwit 1999；also http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/404.
［41］For descriptions and discussions，see especially Camp 1986，2010.The full publication，but only of the discoveries made before the 1970s，can be found in Thompson and Wycherley 1972.
［42］Camp 1986，2010；Dyson 2006：188-90；Thompson 1983.
［43］http：//www.ascsa.edu.gr/index.php/news/news Details/bruce-on-idig.On iPads at Pompeii，see http：//classics.uc.edu/pompeii/index.php/news/l-latest/142-ipads2010.html，http：//www.macworld.com/article/1154717/ipad_archeology_pompeii.html，and https：//www.macstories.net/ipad/apple-profiles-researchers-using-ipads-in-pompeii/.
［44］Camp 1986：13；Camp 2010：30-33；Dyson 2006：78，188.
［45］Camp 1986：40-41，48-57，77-107，113-16，122-50，156-211.See also Camp 2010：48-49，53-61，66-67，89-91，123-28，176-78；Gawlinski 2014：13-15，66-67，142-43.
［46］Camp 1986：57-59，107-12；D.H.Cline 2016：142-43，185；Gawlinski 2014：134-42；Thompson 1983.
［47］Camp 1986：66-72；Camp 2010：95-101；Shear 1984.
［48］Shear 1984.
第12章 罗马人到底为我们做了什么？
［1］http：//www.imdb.com/title/tt0079470/quotes；http：//www.epicure.demon.co.uk/whattheromans.html.
［2］See Stanley Price 1991，with further references in the various footnotes.
［3］Stanley Price 1991，esp.8-9.
［4］See，e.g.，Gates 2011：329.
［5］Coulston and Dodge 2000：5；Gates 2011：329；Laurence 2012：28-29，31；McGeough 2004：54-55；Smith 2000：18-19.
［6］See，e.g.，Gates 2011：329.
［7］Packer 1989：138.
［8］Coulston and Dodge 2000：7-8；Gates 2011：339；Hopkins and Beard 2005：171-73；McFeaters 2007：51；Packer 1989：138-39；Perrottet 2005；Petter 2000.
［9］Aicher 2000：119，134；Connolly and Dodge 1998：110；Coulston and Dodge 2000：8；Falasca-Zamponi 1997：90-99；Fugate Brangers 2013：125-27；Gates 2011：340，349；Guidi 1996：113-14；MacKendrick 1960：140，145-46；McFeaters 2007：53-54；McGeough 2004：43-44；Nolan 2005；Olariu 2012；Packer 1989：139；Painter 2005：xv，3，9，19；Patric 1937；Perrottet 2005.
［10］Aicher 2000：120-21；Fugate Brangers 2013；Guidi 1996：113-14；Hopkins and Beard 2005：173-77；MacKendrick 1960：140，145-50；McFeaters 2007：55-57；McGeough 2004：43-44；Nolan 2005；Olariu 2012；Packer 1989：139；Packer 1997：307；Patric 1937；Painter 2005：xvi，2-12；Perrottet 2005.
［11］See，e.g.，Hopkins and Beard 2005：174，ill.28；MacKendrick 1960：141，fig.5.12；Painter 2005：11-13，15-16，figs.1.2-1.8.
［12］Claridge 2010：207-12；Connolly and Dodge 1998：112；Gates 2011：352-55；MacKendrick 1960：160-70；Olariu 2012：360.
［13］Claridge 2010：207-8，213；Fugate Brangers 2013：130-31；Gates 2011：352；MacKendrick 1960：156，160；Nolan 2005；Olariu 2012：360.
［14］Aicher 2000：124；Claridge 2010：207-8，213；Coulston and Dodge 2000：9；Fugate Brangers 2013：130-31；MacKendrick 1960：158-60，162；Nolan 2005；Olariu 2012：360，364；Perrottet 2005.
［15］See especially Andersen 2003；Conlin 1997a and b；and Nolan 2005；but also Aicher 2000：124；Claridge 2010：207-8，213；Coulston and Dodge 2000：9；Fugate Brangers 2013：130-31；MacKendrick 1960：158-60，162；Olariu 2012：360，364；Perrottet 2005.
［16］Claridge 2010：171-74，fig.64；Hopkins and Beard 2005：26-28；Kingsley 2006：203，205，216-17.
［17］Claridge 2010：173，fig.65；Coulston and Dodge 2000：355-57，with further references；Kingsley 2006：205，207-208；MacKendrick 1960：138，226-30.
［18］Josephus，Jewish War，6.6.317.
［19］Claridge 2010：171-72；Gates 2011：383-84；Hopkins and Beard 2005：26-29；Kingsley 2006：xiii，95，203，217-19，267-69；MacKendrick 1960：235-36.
［20］Claridge 2010：121-23；MacKendrick 1960：235-36.
［21］See http：//yu.edu/cis/activities/arch-of-titus/；Fine 2013；Povoledo 2012.On polychromy in antiquity，see，e.g.，Fine 2013；Gurewitsch 2008；Pazanelli，Schmidt，and Lapatin 2008.
［22］See http：//yu.edu/cis/activities/arch-of-titus/；Fine 2013；Povoledo 2012；http：//romerebom.frischerconsulting.com.
［23］Piening 2013.See also Fine 2013；Povoledo 2012；http：//yu.edu/cis/activities/arch-of-titus/.
［24］Coleman 2000：231；Connolly and Dodge 1998：192-93；Dunkle 2008：256-58；Hopkins and Beard 2005：2-3，21，34-35，163；MacKendrick 1960：194，224，231-35.
［25］Bahn 2009：71；Connolly and Dodge 1998：117-18；Gates 2011：375-77，386；Hopkins and Beard 2005：28-31；MacKendrick 1960：189-94，224，230；McGeough 2004：218，220.
［26］Bahn 2009：71；Binnie 2014；Connolly and Dodge 1998：117-18；Kington 2009；MacKendrick 1960：189-94，224，230；McGeough 2004：35-36.
［27］Feldman 2001：23-24.
［28］For the discussion in the following paragraphs，see Alföldy 1995 and Feldman 2001.See also Coleman 2000：229-30；Dunkle 2008：259；Hopkins and Beard 2005：32-34；Johnston 2001.
［29］Coleman 2000：231-35，238-39；Connolly and Dodge 1998：190-208；Dunkle 2008：260-63；Futrell 2006：62，65-66，79-80，113-14，221；Gates 2011：385-87；Hopkins and Beard 2005：2，12-13，122-35；MacKendrick 1960：194，224，231-35；McGeough 2004：218.
［30］Quotation from Manfred，by Byron，as presented in Hopkins and Beard 2005：3-5 and Dunkle 2008：285.See also additional references to the other authors by Hopkins and Beard 2005：7-12 and Dunkle 2008：285_87.
［31］Coleman 2000：234；Connolly and Dodge 1998：199-202，207-8；Dunkle 2008：278-79；Hopkins and Beard 2005：94，100，136-38；MacKendrick 1960：233-35.
［32］Coleman 2000：238；Hopkins and Beard 2005：42-43，51；McGeough 2004：218.
［33］Coleman 2000：239；Connolly and Dodge 1998：190，192；Dunkle 2008：279-85；Hopkins and Beard 2005：2-3，103-5，160-62，164-71；MacKendrick 1960：230.
［34］Bomgardner 2001；Chase 2002；Welch 2007.
［35］Packer 1989：140.See also Painter 2005：xv.
［36］Packer 1989：141；Packer 1997：307.See also various discussions in Connolly and Dodge 1998；Hopkins and Beard 2005；and MacKendrick 1960.
［37］Guidi 1996：113；McFeaters 2007：57-58；Packer 1989：141；Packer 1997：307.
［38］Diaz-Andreu and Champion 1996：3.For examples，see the various chapters in their edited book as well as the references in the individual chapters'bibliographies.
［39］Diaz-Andreu and Champion 1996：3.
［40］Diaz-Andreu and Champion 1996：2-4，7-9，21；Guidi 1996：109-10，113-14；McFeaters 2007：50-51，58-59；Painter 2005：4-5.See also McGeough 2004：43.
［41］See discussions in Diaz-Andreu and Champion 1996：10-11，14-15；Guidi 1996；McFeaters 2007；and Painter 2005，among others.
［42］See my discussions at the beginning and end of each chapter in Cline 2004.
更深一层2 如何确定挖掘法？
［1］See also the discussion，with a detailed list of tools，in Fagan and Durrani 2014：160-61.
［2］Fagan and Durrani 2014：88.
［3］Ibid.，89.
［4］Ibid.，158-60.
［5］Ibid.，156-58.
［6］Bahn 2008：57；Fagan 2014：139（within the entry on Petrie by Garry J.Shaw）.
［7］Fagan and Durrani 2014：88，98-100，103；see also Bahn 2008：56-57；Fagan 2014：139（within the entry on Petrie by Garry J.Shaw）；Hallote 2006：154-55，181.
［8］Fagan and Durrani 2014：88，102-3；see also Bahn 2008：56-57；Fagan 2014：139；Hallote 2006：154-55，181.
［9］See，e.g.，Fagan 2014：139（within the entry on Petrie by Garry J.Shaw）.
［10］Bahn 2008：61；Fagan 2003：144-47；Fagan and Durrani 2014：90；see also the entry on Wheeler by Martin Carver in Fagan 2014：152-56.
［11］Seehttp：//www.harrismatrix.com/.
［12］Bahn 2008：74-75；Fagan 2003：140-43；see also the entry on Kenyon by Miriam C.Davis in Fagan 2014：220-23.
第13章 挖掘大决战的战场
［1］Davies 1986；Kempinski 1989.
［2］See full discussion of all the battles in Cline 2000，including a fuller discussion of the battle described in Revelation.
［3］See discussion in Cline 2000.
［4］See overall discussion in Cline 2009.
［5］On Yadin，see Silberman 1993.
［6］See again relevant discussion in Cline 2009.
［7］Finkelstein and Ussishkin 1994；Silberman，Finkelstein，Ussishkin，and Halpern 1999.
［8］Cline 2006；Cline and Samet 2013.
［9］Gadot and Yasur-Landau 2006.
［10］See，e.g.，Harrison 2003.
［11］See Cline 2011，with further discussion and additional references to the other theories and suggestions.
［12］Cline and Sutter 2011：159-90.
［13］See，e.g.，Fox 1993；Schofield，Johnson，and Beck 2002；Scott，Babits，and Haecker 2007；also Pollard 2007：218-22.
［14］Cline and Sutter 2011：159-90.
［15］Hasson 2012；https：//english.tau.ac.il/news/tel_megido.
［16］Adams，David，and Tepper 2014；Ben Zion 2015b；Pincus，DeSmet，Tepper，and Adams 2013.See also http：//mfa.gov.il/MFA/IsraelExperience/History/Pages/Roman-legion-camp-uncoveredat-Megiddo-9-Jul-2015.aspx.
第14章 发掘《圣经》
［1］On the scrolls，see Cline 2009：91-97；Davies，Brooke，and Callaway 2002；Fields 2006；Lim 2006；Magness 2002；Pollard 2007：158-61；Shanks 1992，1998.
［2］On Qumran itself，see，e.g.，Cargill 2009；Cline 2009：93-94；Magness 2002.
［3］Magness 2002：25-26.
［4］See http：//www.deadseascrolls.org.il/learn-about-the-scrolls/discovery-and-publication？locale=en_US.；http：//gnosis.org/library/dss/dss_timeline.htm.See also the detailed account in Fields 2006，as well as the account in Lim 2006.
［5］See http：//www.deadseascrolls.org.il/learn-about-the-scrolls/discovery-and-publication？locale=en_US.
［6］See，e.g.，Allegro 1960；McCarter 1992；Wolters 1996.
［7］Translation following Garcia Martinez 1996：461.
［8］See，e.g.，Neese 2009.
［9］Yadin 1985；see also White Crawford 2000；Wise 1990.
［10］See，e.g.，Shanks 2010 and numerous articles in past issues of Biblical Archaeology Review.
［11］Chandler 1991.
［12］Abegg，Flint，and Ulrich 1999：213-14.
［13］See Vanderkam and Flint 2002：115-16.See also Abegg，Flint，and Ulrich 1999：214.
［14］Bahn 2000：58-59；Moorey 1988.
［15］Aharoni 1962；Harris 1998；Yadin 1971.
［16］Freund and Arav 2001；Harris 1998；Saldarini 1998；Yadin 1971，esp.chapters 5-10；see also Freund 2004.
［17］Freund and Arav 2001；Yadin 1971：124-39.
［18］Freund and Arav 2001；Harris 1998；Saldarini 1998；Yadin 1971，chapter 16.
［19］Harris 1998.
［20］For those who are interested，The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible documents alternative readings found in the Dead Sea Scrolls by presenting them in footnotes attached to the traditional text of the Hebrew Bible；see Abegg，Flint，and Ulrich 1999.As of 2012，there also is a website that contains digitized images of virtually all the scrolls and fragments；go to http：//www.deadseascrolls.org.il/？locale=en_US.For those who are without Internet access，or who prefer reading physical books，translations of most of the scrolls can be found in Garcia Martinez 1996 or Vermes 1998.
第15章 马萨达之谜
［1］Yadin 1966.See also summary by Snapes in Bahn 1995：158-59.
［2］Ben-Yehuda 1995，2002.
［3］Ben-Tor 2009.
［4］Ben-Tor 2009：309；http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/1040.
［5］Yadin 1966：13-14.
［6］Ibid.
［7］Ibid.，19-29.
［8］Ibid.，37.
［9］Ibid.，passim.
［10］Ibid.，88.
［11］Ibid.，54，64，98，108-9，168-71.
［12］Yadin 1966.
［13］Magness 2012：215.
［14］Josephus，The Jewish War，7.8；translation following Whiston 1999：927.
［15］Ibid.
［16］Yadin 1966：126.
［17］Josephus，The Jewish War，7.8；translation following Whiston 1999：926.
［18］Ibid.，928.
［19］Ibid.，928-29.
［20］Ibid.，929.
［21］Josephus，The Jewish War，7.9；translation following Whiston 1999：933.
［22］Josephus，The Jewish War，3.7.3-3.8.9；translation following Whiston 1999：784-97.
［23］Yadin 1966：171-79.
［24］Yadin 1966：54，193，197；Ben-Tor 2009：299-307.
［25］Ben-Tor 2009：305.
［26］Yadin 1966：54.
［27］Ibid.
［28］Yadin 1966：197，201.
［29］Ben-Tor 2009：304.
［30］Ben-Tor 2009：309.
［31］See，e.g.，Kohl and Fawcett 1995；Meskell 1998.
第16章 沙漠中的城市
［1］Eigeland 1978；Matthiae 1981，2013；see also Edens in Bahn 1995：148-49.
［2］Eigeland 1978.
［3］Eigeland 1978.
［4］Plaut 1978；also Vicker 1979：1；Bermant and Weitzman 1979：1-13.
［5］O'Toole 1979：A18.
［6］Pettinato 1981，1991；Shanks 1980.
［7］Chivers 2013.
［8］Barnard 2015；Hutcherson 2015；Melvin，Elwazer，and Berlinger 2015；Smith-Spark 2015；see also http：//www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/18/us-mideast-crisis-archaeologyidUSKCN0QN24K20150818；http：//www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/isis-beheads-archeologistpalmyra_55d3a125e4b055a6dabldal3？kvcommref=mostpopular.
［9］Turner 2016.
［10］http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/23.Major publications on Palmyra include Browning 1979 and Stoneman 1992；and now Smith 2013.
［11］http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/326；the site received its UNESCO designation in 1985.Introductory volumes to the site include Amadasi and Schneider 2002；Browning 1973；and Taylor 2002.
［12］http：//world.new7wonders.com/？n7w-page=new7wonders-of--the-world
［13］Lawler 2007；Pollard 2007：36.
［14］Pollard 2007：36.
［15］Pollard 2007：34-39.
［16］Carlsen 2016：94-106；Stephens 1970：xxxii-xxxiii.
［17］Petra，by John Burgon（1813-1888）；Stephens 1970：xl.
［18］http：//www.deseretnews.com/article/25740/U-PROFESSOR-WILL-LEAD-EXPEDITION-TOPETRA.html？pg=all［19］http：//www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/archaeology-today/archaeologists-biblical-scholarsworks/philip-c-hammond-1924-2008/；http：//www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/archaeologytoday/biblical-archaeology-topics/scholarship-winners-speak-up/
［20］Stephens 1970：xxxiii，254-56.
［21］Browning 1973：118-19.
［22］Browning 1973：90-97.
［23］http：//proteus.brown.edu/483/Home.
［24］Bohstrom 2016；Lawler 2007；https：//petragarden excavation.wordpress.com/project-history-2/.
［25］https：//acorjordan.wordpress.com/2015/08/01/petra-papyri/.
［26］Browning 1973：118-19，188-89.
更深一层3 年代有多久？为什么能保留下来？
［1］For concise discussions of much of the material covered in this chapter.see Fagan and Durrani 2014：96-118（chapter 7）.
［2］See，e.g.，Aitken 1990；Fagan and Durrani 2014：111-17；Taylor and Aitken 1997.
［3］Fagan and Durrani2014：111-12.
［4］See，e.g.，the explanation at http：//www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae403.cfm，which states that it is“fairly simple to determine how many total carbon atoms should be in a sample given its weight and chemical makeup.”
［5］Manning et al.2009.
［6］For an example of radiocarbon dating used as part of academic discussions，see，e.g.，Levy and Higham 2014.
［7］See Fagan and Durrani 2014：108-111；also，e.g.，Baillie 2014 with earlier references.
［8］http：//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/8058185.stm.
［9］Ibid.
［10］Manning et al.2009.
［11］Bahn 1995：178-79；Pollard 2007：199-203.
［12］Portal 2007：15，18，21.
［13］Bahn 1995：178-79；Portal 2007：15，18，and passim.See also http：//science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/emperor-qin/.
［14］Quote found at http：//www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Teachers_resource_pack_30_8a.pdf.
［15］Bahn 1995：178-79.
［16］Bahn 1995：178.
［17］http：//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8676886.stm；http：//news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/06/pictures/120620-terra-cotta-warriors-china-new-army-shield-armor-science/.
［18］Yan et al.2014；http：//www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-08/scp-ss2080114.php.
［19］Bahn 1995：179.
［20］http：//www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Teachers_resource_pack_30_8a.pdf；http：//science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/emperor-qin/.
［21］Russon 2014；http：//www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-07/31/content_653375.htm.
［22］Moskowitz 2012；http：//www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Teachers_resource_pack30_8a.pdf.
［23］See Fagan and Durrani 2014：62-69.
［24］She subsequently published a book about them（Barber 1999），as did he（Mallory and Mair 2000）.See also Hudson in Bahn 1996c：152-53.
［25］Demick 2010；Wade 2010；see also Hudson in Bahn 1996c：152-53；http：//factsanddetails.com/asian/cat62/sub406/item2567.html.
［26］Demick 2010；Wade 2010；see also Hudson in Bahn 1996c：152-53；http：//factsanddetails.com/asian/cat62/sub406/item2567.html.
［27］Bahn 1995：84-85，1996c：140-45；Fagan and Durrani 2014：68，302-3；Pollard 2007：232-35；Scarre in Fagan 2007a：40-41；and http：//www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-the-iceman；see also http：//factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub362/item l496.html#chapter-0.
［28］Bahn 1996c：140-45.For the story of the years immediately following the initial discovery，see Spindler 1995，written by the archaeologist in charge of the initial scientific studies.
［29］See http：//www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-the-iceman，with further references；also http：//factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub362/item 1496.html#chapter-0.
［30］See http：//www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-the-iceman，with further references；also http：//factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub362/item 1496.html#chapter-0.
［31］Bahn 1996c：140-45.See http：//www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-the-iceman，with further references；http：//factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub362/item1496.html#chapter-0.For an excellent，and brief，explanation of strontium isotope analysis，see http：//archive.archaeology.org/0705/abstracts/isotopes.html.
［32］See again http：//www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-the-iceman，with further references；also http：//factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub362/item1496.html#chapter-0.
［33］Barzilay 2016，reporting on an article published in Science by Maixner et al.2016.See also Rosen 2016；http：//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/body/ancient-icemans-h-pylori-genome-hintsat-ancient-migrations-to-europe/；and http：//www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-01/eaobpfi 122915.php.
［34］On European migrations，see，e.g.，Cooper and Haak 2015，with references to the original publications in Science and Nature；for Richard Ⅲ，see，e.g.，Kennedy 2014 and Sample 2015，reporting on the initial publication by King et al.2014.
［35］See Samadelli et al.2015；Scallan 2015；also http：//www.iceman.it/en/tattoos；http：//www.celebritytattoodesign.com/brad-pitt-tattoos.
［36］http：//factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub362/item1496.htm1#chapter-0.
［37］See http：//www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-the-iceman，with further references；also http：//factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub362/iteml496.html#chapter-0.
［38］Bogucki in Bahn 1995：156-57；Bogucki in Bahn 1996c：146-51；Liesowska 2014；Pollard 2007：236-39；Polosmak 1994；also http：//siberiantimes.com/culture/others/features/siberianprincess-reveals-her-2500-year-old-tattoos/.See also discussions in Hall 2015；Mayor 2014.
［39］Bogucki in Bahn 1995：156-57；Bogucki in Bahn 1996c：146-51；Liesowska 2014；Pollard 2007：236-39；Polosmak 1994.See also http：//siberiantimes.com/culture/others/features/siberian-princess-reveals-her-2500-year-old-tattoos/.
［40］http：//www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/bios/johan-reinhard/；Schreiber in Bahn 1996c：160-61.
［41］Reinhard 2005.
［42］Clark 1998；Reinhard in Fagan 2007a：100-5；Schreiber in Bahn 1996c：160-61.
［43］Fagan and Durrani 2014：63-64；Kaner in Bahn 1996c：164-69；Tarlow in Bahn 1995：114-15；see，e.g.，Aldhouse-Green 2015 and Glob 2004.
［44］Kaner in Bahn 1996c：164-69；Pollard 2007：212-17；Tarlow in Bahn 1995：114-15；http：//www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_prb/l/lindow_man.aspx.
［45］Kaner in Bahn 1996c：164-69；Tarlow in Bahn 1995：114-15；http：//www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlightobjects/pe_prb/l/lindow_man.aspx.
［46］Fagan and Durrani 2014：63-64；Kaner in Bahn 1996c：164-69；Tarlow in Bahn 1995：114-15；http：//www.tollundman.dk.
［47］http：//abcnews.go.com/Technology/story？id=119824.
［48］Ballard 2008；Krause 2000；Søreide 2011.See also http：//www.nationalgeographic.com/blacksea/index.html.
［49］See Ballard 2008；Krause 2000；Ryan and Pittman 1998；Sereide 2011.See also http：//www.nationalgeographic.com/blacksea/index.html.
［50］Pollard 2007：154-57；Tarlow in Bahn 1995：128-31.For book-length accounts，see，e.g.，Bruce-Mitford 1979 and Williams 2011.
［51］Pollard 2007：154-57；Tarlow in Bahn 1995：128-31.
［52］Ibid.
［53］Ibid.
［54］Ibid.
［55］Ibid.
［56］Ibid.
［57］Cohen 2011；Kennedy 2011；Ravilous 2012.
［58］Ibid.
［59］Ibid.
第17章 沙漠中的线条，空中俯瞰的城
［1］Von Däniken 1968.
［2］Ibid.，17.
［3］http：//www.daniken.com/e/index.html.
［4］http：//www.swissinfo.ch/eng/closure-of-mystery-park-is-no-enigma/5576928.
［5］Dearden 2014.
［6］Ruble 2014.
［7］See Feder 2013；Hall 2010；Pollard 2007：158-61；Reinhard 1988；Schreiber in Bahn 1995：208-9.
［8］Hall 2010；http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/700.
［9］http：//science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/nasca-lines/.
［10］See，e.g.，Moran 1998，with a foreword by von Däniken，cited by http：//www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/the-nazca-astronaut-a-fishy-story.
［11］See http：//wwwjasoncolavito.com/blog/the-nazca-astronaut-a-fishy-story，citing Reiche 1949.
［12］http：//ancientaliensdebunked.com/the-nazca-astronautowlman-or-fisherman/.
［13］Kroeber and Collier 1998.
［14］Hall 2010；Reiche 1949；http：//old.dainst.org/en/nasca？ft=all.
［15］Hall 2010.
［16］Joe Nickell，previously of the University of Kentucky，created a full-sized experimental reproduction of a Nazca image，using just string，wooden stakes，and a little mathematics；see http：//www.joenickell.com/NascaGeoglyphRecreator/Nasca GeoglyphRecl.html.See also Feder 2013，quoted in Hamilton 2008：23-26.
［17］Alva and Donnan 1993；Schreiber in Bahn 1995：226-27；Schreiber in Bahn 1996c：118-21.
［18］Alva and Donnan 1993：13.
［19］Alva and Donnan 1993：13-14，24.
［20］Alva and Donnan 1993：23-24.
［21］Alva 1988：510-48；see also Alva 1990：2-15；Alva and Donnan 1993；and http：//archaeology.about.com/od/mocheculture/i g/N ew-Elite-Moche-Burial/Tomb-of-Lord-of-Sipan-.htm.Also，regarding later discoveries，Wilford 2006；http：//www.nytimes.com/2001/02/16/science/16reuters-archaeo.html.
［22］Note，though，that the number of burials reported varies；see，e.g.，http：//www.worldarchaeology.com/features/tombs-of-the-lords-of-sipan.htm，which describes eight people besides the main person buried.
［23］http：//archaeology.about.com/od/mocheculture/ig/New-Elite-Moche-Burial/Moche-Sacrifice-Ceremony.htm#step-heading，citing Alva and Donnan 1993，among other sources.On the Moche and their art，see also Donnan 1978，1990；Donnan and McClelland 1999；Long 1990.
［24］http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/274.
［25］See，e.g.，Burger and Salazar 2004；Reinhard 2007；see also Pollard 2007：122-27；Schreiber in Bahn 1995：238-39.
［26］See http：//www.archaeology.org/news/3730-151001-machu-picchu-dna.
［27］Adams 2011.
［28］Bingham 1913.
［29］Bingham 1922，1979，2003.
［30］http：//www.npr.org/2010/12/15/132083890/yale-returns-machu-picchu-artifacts-to-peru；http：//www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmag/bk_issue/2003/sepoct/featurel.html；http：//www.pirwahostelscusco.com/blog/hostels/new-machu-picchu-exhibit-opens-in-cusco-showcasingyale-artifacts/；http：//www.cultureindevelopment.nl/News/Heritage_the_Americas/654/Machu_Picchu，_Yale，_and_the_world_stage.
［31］Ibid.
第18章 巨头、羽蛇和金鹰
［1］Cooper-White 2015；Mejia 2015；Shaer 2016；Sullivan 2014；also http：//www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/05/09/the-mysteries-of-teotihuacan.html.
［2］See Cooper-White 2015；Mejia 2015；Shaer 2016；Sullivan 2014；also http：//www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-29828309；http：//www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/05/09/themysteries-of-teotihuacan.html；http：//hds.harvard.edu/news/2015/10/02/exploring-ancient-cityteotihuacan#；http：//phys.org/news/2013-04-robot-chambers-ancient-mexico-temple.html.See also videos at https：//www.youtube.com/watch？v=iCJM_5dOMSE＆feature=youtu.be；https：//www.youtube.com/watch？v=C8ZEKp85dwk＆feature=youtu.be；https：//www.youtube.com/wat ch？v=kksFtR9dEF4＆feature=youtu.be.
［3］Diehl 2004：9，11；Grove 2014：183；Pool 2007：7，fig.1.4；Stone in Bahn 1995：206-7.
［4］See especially Stirling 1939，1940，1941，1947.See also the entry on Stirling by Michael D.Coe in Fagan 2014：115-18；also Stone in Bahn 1995：206-7.
［5］Grove 2014：1-2，6；Pool 2007：1，35.
［6］Grove 2014：1-2，6，21；Pool 2007：1-3，250-51，fig.1.1.
［7］Diehl 2004：13-15.
［8］Diehl 2004：14；Grove 2014：2-3，fig.1.1；Pool 2007：5，fig.1.3.
［9］Blom and La Farge 1926-27；Grove 2014：5-16；Pool 2007：36-38；Stone in Bahn 1995：206-7.
［10］See maps in Diehl 2004：1；Grove 2014：3，fig.1.1；Pool 2007：5，fig.1.3.
［11］Grove 2014：17-30；Pool 2007：40-44；Stone in Bahn 1995：206-7.
［12］Grove 2014：13-16，31-36；Pool 2007：44.
［13］Grove 2014：33-36 and figs.4.1-4.2.See Stirling 1940.The Olmec heads have been featured in an episode of the television show Ancient Aliens，where it is discussed whether they are wearing flight helmets；see episode 1 of season 4（2012）.
［14］Diehl 2004：60-82；Grove 2014：37-49；Pool 2007：1.
［15］Grove 2014：50-55.On the heads，of which seventeen total have been found at the various Olmec sites，see Pool 2007：106-7 and fig.4.3.
［16］Diehl 2004：16，27-28；Grove 2014：80-89，104-15，151-60；Pool 2007：50-52.
［17］Stone in Bahn 1995：206-7.
［18］De Rojas 2012：5-6；Draper 2010：110-35；Smith 2003：4，36.
［19］Bahn 2009：154-55；Smith 2003：43-55；Stone in Bahn 1995：236-37.
［20］Bahn 2009：154-55.
［21］De Rojas 2012：56.
［22］Atwood 2014；Bahn 2009：154-55；de Rojas 2012：56-62；Stone in Bahn 1995：236-37.
［23］Bahn 2009：154-55；Stone in Bahn 1995：236-37.
［24］Draper 2010：110-35；Lovgren 2006.
［25］Draper 2010：110-35.
［26］Ibid.
［27］Ibid.
［28］http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/414.
［29］http：//science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/teotihuacan-/.Note that the dates given differ：http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/414.
［30］Naughton 2015；see also Bahn 2009：138-39；Fagan and Durrani 2014：290-92；Meyer 1973b；http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/414.
［31］http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/414.
［32］Bahn 2009：138-39；http：//www.utexas.edu/cofa/art/347/teotihuacan.htm.
［33］Stone in Bahn 1995：228-29；Bahn 2009：138-39；http：//www.utexas.edu/cofa/art/347/teotihuacan.htm.
［34］Cooper-White 2015；Mejia 2015；Sullivan 2014；http：//www.bbc.com/news/world-latinamerica-29828309；http：//www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/05/09/the-mysteries-ofteotihuacan.html；http：//hds.harvard.edu/news/2015/10/02/exploring-ancient-city-teotihuacan#；http：//phys.org/news/2013-04-robot-chambers-ancient-mexico-temple.htmL See also videos at https：//www.youtube.com/watch？v=iCJM_5dOMSE＆feature=youtu.be；https：//www.youtube.com/watch？v=C8ZEKp85dwk＆feature=youtu.be；https：//www.youtube.com/watch？v=kksFtR9 dEF4＆feature=youtu.be.
［35］Millon 1964，1973；Millon，Drewitt，and Cowgill，1973；see http：//humanitieslab.stanford.edu/teotihuacan/1497.
［36］Bahn 2009：138-39；Fagan and Durrani 2014：27，290-92.
［1］Amer 2002：137-39；Cussler 2011；http：//www.hunley.org；http：//news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/03/0321_hunleyfind.html.Numerous accounts on the Hunley are available，including Chaffin 2008；Hicks 2015；Hicks and Kropf 2002；Neyland in Fagan 2007a：220-23；Ragan 1999，2006；and Walker 2005.
［2］Gast 2014；http：//www.hunley.org；http：//futureforce.navylive.dodlive.mil/2014/10/how-didhunleys-crew-die/.
［3］Fagan and Durrani 2014：358；http：//www.nps.gov/history/local-law/FHPL_AbndShipwreck.pdf.
［4］Gast 2014.Note that Amer 2002：138 gives the date of the recovery of the Hunley as August 8，2001.
［5］Amer 2002：138；http：//www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t54c007.php.
［6］Gast 2014.
［7］David L.Conlin（personal communication，July 18，2016）；Conlin and Russell 2006；Gast 2014；http：//www.achp.gov/docs/Section106SuccessStory_HLHunley.pdf；http：//news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/03/0321_hunleyfind.html；http：//usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2001-03-21-hunley.htm.
［8］http：//hunley.org/main_index.asp？CONTENT=press＆ID=126；http：//www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp？story_id=15458.
［9］Amer 2002：138；Gast 2014；http：//www.civilwarnews.com/archive/articles/hunley_study.htm；http：//hunley.org/main_index.asp？CONTENT=press＆ID=114.
［10］See Conlin and Russell 2006；http：//www.achp.gov/docs/Section106SuccessStory_HLHunley.pdf.
［11］Pringle 2011；Taylor 2011.
［12］http：//www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/pocahontas-her-life-and-legend.htm.
［13］The following information is based on Kelso's 2007 article on his Jamestown excavations，as published in Fagan 2007a：172-75.See also Fagan and Durrani 2014：8；Kelso 2008；Kelso and Straube 2004.
［14］See Kelso in Fagan 2007a：172-75.
［15］See Epstein 2015 and O'Brien 2015，from which the following information is derived.
［16］See Epstein 2015 and O'Brien 2015.
［17］http：//historicjamestowne.org/july-2015/.
［18］See Epstein 2015 and O'Brien 2015.
［19］http：//historicjamestowne.org/archaeology/chancel-burials/founders/gabriel-archer/；http：//historicjamestowne.org/archaeology/chancel-burials/founders/robert-hunt/.
［20］http：//historicjamcstowne.org/archaeology/chancel-burials/founders/william-west/；http：//historicjamestowne.org/archaeology/chancel-burials/founders/ferdinando-wainman/.
［21］http：//smithsonianscience.si.edu/2013/05/forensic-analysis-of-17th-century-human-remains-atjamestown-va-reveal-evidence-of-cannibalism/；https：//www.youtube.com/watch？v=FGcN9_Gd5zQ.
［22］http：//smithsonianscience.si.edu/2013/05/forensic-analysis-of-17th-century-human-remains-atjamestown-va-reveal-evidence-of-cannibalism/；https：//www.youtube.com/watch？v=FGcN9 Gd5zQ.
［23］http：//smithsonianscience.si.edu/2013/05/forensic-analysis-of-17th-century-human-remains-atjamestown-va-reveal-evidence-of-cannibalism/.
［24］https：//www.youtube.com/watch？v=FGcN9_Gd5zQ.
［25］http：//smithsonianscience.si.edu/2013/05/forensic-analysis-of-17th-century-human-remainsat-jamestown-va-reveal-evidence-of-cannibalism/：http：//historicjamestowne.org；http：//anthropology.si.edu/writteninbone/about_exhibit.html.
［26］Pollard 2007：240-43；http：//nmnh.typepad.com/100years/2012/10/the-9000-year-oldkennewick-man.html.
［27］Fagan and Durrani 2014：358；http：//www.nps.gov/nagpra/MANDATES/INDEX.HTM.
［28］Kroeber 2011.
［29］Pope 1923.
［30］Bower 2002；the story subsequently became the subject of a book：Starn 2004.
［31］Preston 2014；http：//www.burkemuseum.org/kman/.For overviews of the initial portion of the saga，see Chatters 2002 and Thomas 2001.
［32］Callaway 2015；http：//www.burkemuseum.org/kman/；http：//nmnh.typepad.com/100years/2012/10/the-9000-year-old-kennewick-man.html.
［33］On the continuing controversy，see Callaway 2015；Gerianos 2016；Mapes 2016a，b；Owsley and Jantz 2014；Preston 2014；Rasmussen et al.2015；Zimmer 2016.See also http：//www.burkemuseum.org/kman/.
［34］http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/353；http：//www.nps.gov/chcu/index.htm；http：//www.learner.org/interactives/collapse/chacocanyon.html.See also Fagan 2005；Fagan and Durrani 2014：348-50；Lekson 2006，2007；Vivian and Hilpert 2012.
［35］Fagan and Durrani 2014：348-50；http：//www.nps.gov/chcu/planyourvisit/pueblo-bonito.htm；http：//www.nps.gov/chcu/index.htm；https：//www.crowcanyon.org/EducationProducts/peoples_mesa_verde/pueblo_Ⅱ_bonito_escalante.asp；https：//www.crowcanyon.org/EducationProducts/peoples_mesa_verde/pueblo_Ⅱ_overview.asp.
［36］http：//www.nps.gov/chcu/faqs.htm；http：//www.nps.gov/chcu/planyourvisit/pueblo-bonito.htm.See also Fagan 2005；Fagan and Durrani 2014：348-50；Lekson 2006，2007；Monastersky 2015；and Vivian and Hilpert 2012.
［37］http：//www.nps.gov/meve/index.htm.
［38］http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/27；http：//www.nps.gov/meve/index.htm；http：//www.nps.gov/meve/learn/historyculture/cliff_palace_preservation.htm：http：//www.nps.gov/meve/learn/historyculture/places.htm.
［39］http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/198.
［40］Hodges 2011；http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/198；http：//cahokiamounds.org/explore/.
［41］http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/198；see also Hodges 2011.
［42］Hodges 2011；http：//whc.unesco.org/en/list/198.
［43］http：//www.history.org；http：//www.mountvemon.org/research-collections/archaeology/.
［44］See Fagan and Durrani 2014：392-93.
［45］http：//www.crowcanyon.org.
［46］http：//www.caa-archeology.org.
［47］https：//www.archaeological.org/fieldwork/afob.
更深一层4 你发现的东西归你吗？
［1］See，e.g.，Anderson 2016，Atwood 2006；Cuno 2010，2012；Felch and Frammolino 2011；Meyer 1973a：Roehrenbeck 2010；Watson and Todeschini 2006；Waxman 2009.See also Bering 2016.as well as http：//content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0，29569，1883142.00.html for Time's list of“Top 10 Plundered Artifacts”；and http：//www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/may/08/greece-international-justice-regain-parthenon-marbles-uk for a recent article on the Elgin Marbles.
［2］Fagan and Durrani 2014：20-22.See also Curry 2015；Dubrow 2014；Mueller 2016；Romano 2015；Romey 2015；Vance 2015.
［3］Casana 2015；http：//www.cnn.com/2015/03/09/world/iraq-isis-heritage/.
［4］Parcak et al.2016.
［5］Bogdanos 2005.See also Emberling and Hanson 2008；Rothfield 2008a.
［6］Ibid.
［7］See，e.g.，Andrews 2003；Emberling and Hanson 2008.
［8］George 2016.
［9］Al-Rawi and George 2014；George 2016.
［10］Horowitz，Greenberg，and Zilberg 2015；Pearce and Wunsch 2014；see also Abraham 2011.News reports，reviews，and discussions occur in Baker 2015；Ben Zion 2015a；Hasson 2015；and http：//lawrenceschiffman.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/jews-of-babylon.pdf；http：//www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-archaeology-babylon-idUSKBN0L71EK20150203；http：//paulbarford.blogspot.com/2015/02/babylonian-cunies-from-private.html；http：//news.comell.edu/stories/2015/01/new-archive-jewish-babylonian-exile-released；http：//www.ancientjewreview.com/articles/2015/2/18/pearce-and-wunsch-documents-of-judean-exiles-and-west-semites-inbabylonia-1.
［11］http：//www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/illicit-traffic-of-cultural-property/1970-convention/；http：//portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13039＆URL_DO=DO_TOPIC＆URLSECTION=201.html.
［12］Atwood 2006；Brodie and Tubb 2011；Rothfield 2008b；Rush 2012.
［13］Fagan and Durrani 2014：355-58；Harmon and McManamon 2006；http：//www.nps.gov/archeology/sites/antiquities/about.htm；http：//www.georgewright.org/313mcmanamon.pdf.
［14］http：//www.nps.gov/history/local-law/fhpl_histsites.pdf.
［15］Fagan and Durrani 2014：358；bttp://www.nps.gov/archeology/tools/Laws/arpa.htm.
［16］See http：//www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php？storyld=106091937；http：//articles.latimes.com/2009/jun/17/nation/na-artifacts-backlash 17；http：//www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/us/21blanding.html？_r=0.
［17］https：//democrats-foreignaffairs.house.gov/news/press-releases/president-signs-engel-bill-stopisis-looting-antiquities；http：//www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/06/congress-illegalisis-looting-syria-artifacts.html：https：//www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/1493/text.
［18］http：//www.theantiquitiescoalition.org/state-department-hearing-on-egypt-antiquities-importmou/；http：//www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/11/264632.htm.
［19］Organizations that are involved in working on such measures include the US Committee of the Blue Shield（www.uscbs.org）.SAFE：Saving Antiquities for Everyone（http：//savingantiquities.org），the Antiquities Coalition（https：//theantiquitiescoalition.org），and the American Schools of Oriental Research Cultural Heritage Initiatives（http：//www.asor-syrianheritage.org/about/mission/），among others.
结语 回到未来
［1］Weisman 2007.
［2］Macaulay 1979.
［3］Macaulay 1979：26.
［4］Macaulay 1979：30，52-65.
［5］Macaulay 1979：32-33，36-37，68-81.
［6］See，e.g.，https：//archeosciences.revues.org/1781.
［7］See，e.g.，http：//www.sfu.ca/ipinch/project-components/community-based-initiatives.
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