清代北京纸币的印刷技术探析

李琳娜，施继龙，周文华，邱林华

（北京印刷学院印刷与包装工程学院，北京102600）

摘要：清代纸币大多数采用传统印刷技术，使用最多的依次是木版、牛角版和铜版。其中，牛角版制版材料颇具特色，主要用于纸币、票据的印刷，且牛角版往往采用多块小版拼对而成，与活字版有较多相通之处。此外，清代官方纸币主要采用铜版，民间钱庄票也有少部分采用铜版，沿袭了自宋代以来的传统金属版制版技术。清末，随着铅印、石印、珂罗版、钢凹版等技术相继传入，石印及钢凹版技术显现出巨大的优势，在纸币印刷领域广为运用。

关键词：清代；北京纸币；印刷技术

A Study of the Bank Notes Printing Technology in Beijing,Qing Dynasty

LI Linna,SHI Jilong,ZHOU Wenhua,QIU Linhua(www.xing528.com)

(School of Printing and Packaging Engineering,Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication,Beijing 102600,China)

Abstract:Qing Dynasty bank notes were mostly printed by the Chinese traditional printing technology.The most widely using were wood plate,buffalo horn plate and bronze plate in turn.Among them,the material of buffalo horn plate was characteristic,mainly used in the printing of bank notes,and always be made of many small plates,having some similar characters with typesetting skill.Also,Qing Dynasty official bank notes mainly used bronze plate,and also small part of commercial bank notes,followed the traditional metal plate technology from Song Dynasty.In later Qing Dynasty,as the technology of letterpress printing,lithography,collotype,steel intaglio and so on brought in,lithography and steel intaglio technology revealed the great advantages,became the widespread uses in the field of bank notes printing．

Keywords:Qing Dynasty;bank notes issued in Beijing;printing technology

自宋迄清，纸币印刷一直是我国古代印刷的重要组成部分。纸币是特殊印刷品，关系国计民生，要求具有防伪、耐用、美观等特点，纸币印刷材料及印刷技术必然十分考究，不同于普通印刷品。兹举宋代纸币印刷加以说明。宋代成熟纸币一般是黑、红、蓝三色套印，正反两面印刷，有6～10块印版，且其印版为铜版或铅版。此外，宋代纸币印刷效率极高，如《宋史·食货志》载，景定四年（1264年）“日增印会子一十五万贯”，如果印刷的都是一贯面值的纸币，则每日印刷15万张，假设每日生产12小时，那么其印造速率约为3.5张/秒，显然有若干套印版、若干组工匠同时印造。宋代会子等纸币的印刷技术具有极高的水准[1]。同样，对于清代纸币尤其是官方纸币而言，也必定采用当时最成熟、最先进的印刷技术。