李琳娜,施继龙,张养志,邱林华
(北京印刷学院印刷与包装工程学院,北京102600)
摘要:中国古代纸币经过金、元、明三代的发展,纸币版式基本已经发展成熟,对清代官、私纸币版式皆有巨大影响,如清初官方纸币钞贯、清中期的户部官票和大清宝钞以及官办的各种官局纸币基本都是仿前朝版式,并没有太大创新。而民间纸币没有太多的约束,版式较为丰富,基本上都是传统的竖式版式。清后期在西方纸币的冲击下,中国传统纸币为了适应潮流,纷纷采用横排版式,甚至中文和外文并用,到清末,横排版式纸币已逐渐成为主流。
关键词:清代;北京纸币;版式;演变
The Development of Layout Program of Bank Notes Issued in Beijing in Qing Dynasty
LI Linna,SHI Jilong,ZHANG Yangzhi,QIU Linhua
(School of Printing and Packaging Engineering,Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication,Beijing 102600,China)
Abstract:During the development in Jin,Yuan and Ming Dynasties,China ancient bank notes’layout program had been established,and caused a tremendous inf luence on the official and commercial bank notes in Qing Dynasty,such as the official bank notes named “Chao Guan”,“Hu Bu Guan Piao” and “Da Qing Bao Chao” mostly followed the layout program in Pro-Dynasties which don’t have too much innovation.Instead,the folk commercial bank notes’layout programs in variety which don’t have too much limit,mostly were the traditional vertical setting of types.Under the shock of west bank notes,Chinese traditional notes turned to transverse setting of types in succession in order to suit the tide,even including Chinese and foreign language on the forth and back of the bank notes and finally became the main stream in later Qing Dynasty.(www.xing528.com)
Keywords:Qing Dynasty;bank notes issued in Beijing;layout program;evolution
中国古代纸币在清代顺治八年(1651年)印发钞贯之前,已经历宋、金、元、明四代650 余年的发展,纸币版式已从原始简陋发展至成熟稳定。宋代纸币经过250 余年的发展,南宋末年关子纸币的版式设计已达到宋代纸币最顶峰,图1为宋代关子纸币复原图[1]。由于目前尚未发现金代纸币存世,已知金代纸币印版多种,图2为陕西东路壹拾贯交钞版。此外,元代“中统元宝交钞”“至元通行宝钞”及明代“大明通行宝钞”纸币及印版皆有较多发现,图3为至元通行宝钞贰贯纸币,图4为大明通行宝钞壹贯纸币。结合宋代纸币复原图、金代纸币印版以及元、明纸币实物照片可知,宋代纸币版式较为复杂,宋代以后纸币版式趋于简化,金、元、明三代纸币版式基本一致,已经成熟稳定。
图1 宋代关子纸币复原图(左:正面;右:背面)
图2 金代陕西东路壹拾贯交钞版
图3 至元通行宝钞贰贯(左:正面;右:背面)
图4 大明通行宝钞壹贯(左:正面;右:背面)
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