1.Minority Report,directed by Steven Spielberg(Universal City,CA:DreamWorks,2002).
2.Microsoft Corporation,“NAB and Microsoft leverage Al technology to buildcardless ATM concept,”October 23,2018,https://news.microsoft.com/enau/2018/10/23/nab-and-microsoft-leverage-ai-technology-to-build-card-lessatm-concept/.
3.Jeannine Mjoseth,“Facial recognition software helps diagnose rare genetic disease,”National Human Genome Research Institute,March 23,2017,https://www.genome.gov/27568319/facial-recognition-software-helpsdiagnose-rare-genetic-disease/.
4.Taotetek(@taotetek),“It looks like Microsoft is making quite a bit of money from their cozy relationship with ICE and DHS,”Twitter,June 17,2018,9∶20 a.m.,https://twitter.com/taotetek/status/1008383982533259269.
5.Tom Keane,“Federal Agencies Continue to Advance Capa-bilities with Azure Government,”Microsoft Azure Government(blog),Microsoft,January 24,2018,https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/azuregov/2018/01/24/federalagencies-continue-to-advance-capabilities-with-azure-government/.
6.Elizabeth Weise,“Amazon Should Stop Selling Facial Recognition Software to Police,ACLU and Other Rights Groups Say,”USA Today,May 22,2018,https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2018/05/22/aclu-wants-amazon-stopselling-facial-recognition-police/633094002/.
7.亚马逊员工也在2018年6月,也就是微软员工发声的同一个月,表达了关切,但亚马逊并没有直接答复其员工,一直拖到11月的一次内部会议。Bryan Menegus,“Amazon Breaks Silence on Aiding Law Enforcement Following Employee Backlash,”Gizmodo,2018 年 11月8日,https://gizmodo.com/amazon-breaks-silence-on-aiding-law-enforcement-followi-1830321057。
8.Drew Harwell,“Google to Drop Pentagon Al Contract After Employee Objections to the‘Business of War,’”Washington Post,June 1,2018,https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/06/01/googleto-drop-pentagon-ai-contract-after-employees-called-it-the-business-ofwar/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.efa7f2973007.
9.Edelman,2018 Edelman Trust Barometer Global Report,https://www.edelrnan.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/2018-10/2018_Edelman_Trust_Barometer_Global_Report_FEB.pdf.
10.同上,30。
11.“孩童需要辩护”组织(KIND)成立于2008年,为与父母分离的儿童提供无偿法律顾问服务,帮助他们进行移民诉讼,https://supportkind.org/ten-years/。成立以来,KIND已经培训了42000多名志愿者,目前与600多家律师事务所、公司、法学院和律师协会合作。它已经成为美国最大的公益法律组织之一,现在也在英国开展工作。温迪·扬自2009年正式向客户提供法律援助的第一天起就一直领导着KIND。
12.Annie Correal and Caitlin Dickerson,“‘Divided,’Part 2:The Chaos of Reunification,”August 24,201,in The Daily,Produced by Lynsea Garrison and Rachel Quester,podcast,31∶03,https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/podcasts/the-daily/divided-migrant-family-reunification.htrnl.
13.Kate Kaye,“This Little-Known Facial-Recognition Accuracy Test Has Big Influence,”International Association of Privacy Professionals,January 7,2019,https://iapp.org/news/a/this-Iittle-known-facial-recognition-accuracytest-has-big-influence/.
14.Brad Smith,“Facial Recognition Technology:The Need for Public Regulation and Corporate Responsibility,”Microsoft on the Issues(blog),Microsoft,July 13,2018,https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2018/07/13/facialrecognition-technology-the-need-for-public-regulation-and-corporateresponsibility/.(www.xing528.com)
15.Nitasha Tiku,“Microsoft Wants to Stop Al's‘Race to the Bottom,’”Wired,December 6,2018,https://www.wired.com/story/microsoft-wants-stop-aifacial-recognition-bottom/.
16.Eric Ries,The Startup Way:How Modern Companies Use Entrepreneurial Management to Transform Culture and Drive Long-Term Growth(New York:Currency,2017),96.
17.Brookings Institution,Facial recognition:Coming to a Street Corner Near You,December 6,2018,https://www.brookings.edu/events/facial-recognitioncoming-to-a-street-corner-near-you/.
18.Brad Smith,“Facial Recognition:It's Time for Action,”Microsoft on the Issues(blog),December 6,2018,https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-theissues/2018/12/06/facial-recognition-its-time-for-action/.
19.我们建议将两个步骤结合起来,使之有效。首先,“立法应要求提供人脸识别服务的科技公司提供文件,以客户和消费者能够理解的语言,说明技术的能力和局限性”。其次,“新的法律还应要求商业人脸识别服务允许从事独立测试的第三方对其人脸识别服务的准确性和不公平偏见进行合理的测试并公布测试结果。一个明智的做法是,要求那些通过互联网提供人脸识别服务的科技公司再提供一个应用程序编程接口或其他适合于此目的的技术能力”。Smith,“Facial Recognition”。
20.正如我们所描述的,新的立法应该“要求部署人脸识别系统的实体首先对人脸识别结果进行严肃认真的人身检查,然后做出最终决定,判断其是否属于法律认定的会对消费者造成影响的‘结果性用例’。这包括决定可能对消费者造成身体或精神伤害的风险,可能对人权或基本权利产生影响的风险,或消费者的个人自由或隐私可能受到侵犯的风险”。Smith,“Facial Recognition”。
21.例如,在机场安检区等特定地点使用人脸识别功能来帮助识别恐怖分子嫌疑人的摄像机就是一个例子。然而,即使在这种情况下,在决定拘留某人之前,由经过培训的人员进行严肃认真的人身检查也是很重要的。
22.Carpenter v.United States,No.16-402,585 U.S.(2017),https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16-402_h315.pdf.
23.Brad Smith,“Facial Recognition:It's Time for Action,”Microsoft on the Issues(blog),December 6,2018,https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-theissues/2018/12/06/facial-recognition-its-time-for-action/.
24.正如我们所指出的:“美国的隐私权运动诞生于照相机技术的进步。1890年,后来担任最高法院大法官的路易斯·布兰代斯与同事塞缪尔·沃伦合著了一篇文章,发表在《哈佛法学评论》上,主张‘独处的权利’,迈出了倡导隐私保护的第一步。两位作者主张,‘瞬时照相’的发展以及报纸出于商业利益而使其广泛传播,创造了保护人们新的隐私权的需要。”Smith,“Facial Recognition”,引用Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis,“The Right to Privacy”,Harvard Law Review,IV:5(1890),http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/articles/privacy/Privacy_brand_warr2.html。如我们所指出的,人脸识别正在赋予“瞬时照相”布兰代斯和沃伦始料未及的新的意义。同上。
25.Smith,“Facial Recognition.”
26.一位对这一想法感兴趣的州议员是华盛顿州参议员鲁文·卡莱尔,他住在西雅图,在2009年成为州议员之前曾在科技行业工作,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/reuven_carlyle。他想支持一项广泛的隐私法案,并有意将人脸识别规则纳入其中。卡莱尔花了几个月的时间起草他的立法提案,并与其他州参议员讨论其细节。功夫不负有心人,他的增加了人脸识别新规则的法案,获得了两党的支持,终于在2019年3月初以46票对1票于参议院通过。Joseph O'Sullivan,“Washington Senate Approves Consumer-Privacy Bill to Place Restrictions on Facial Recognition,”Seattle Times,2019年3月6日,https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/senate-passes-bill-to-create-aeuropean-style-consumer-data-privacy-law-in-washington/。
27.Rich Sauer,“Six Principles to Guide Microsoft's Facial Recognition Work,”Microsoft on the Issues(blog),December 17,2018,https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2018/12/17/six-principles-to-guide-microsofts-facialrecognition-work/.
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