拉佐斯卡：计算机科学应用教育的领军人物

1.Jon Gertner，The Idea Factory:BellLabs and the Great Age of American Innovation（New York:Penguin Press，2012）.

2.Brad Smith and Carol Ann Browne，“High-Skilled Immigration Has Long Been Controversial，but Its Benefits Are Clear，”Today in Technology（blog），Linkedln，December 7，2017，https://www.Iinkedin.com/pulse/dec-7-forcesdivide-us-bring-together-brad-smith/.

3.Brad Smith and Carol Ann Browne，“The Beep Heard Around the World，”Today in Technology（blog），Linkedln，October 4，2017，https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/today-technology-beep-heard-around-world-brad-smith/.

4.扎波尔斯基迅速行动起来，动员亚马逊的资源支持华盛顿州检察长鲍勃·弗格森成功对第一次旅行禁令发出法律挑战。Stephanie Miot，“Amazon，Expedia Back Suit Over Trump immigration Ban，”PCMag.com，2017年1月31日，https：//www.pcmag.com/news/351453/amazon-expedia-back-suit-overtrump-immigration-ban，Monica Nickelsburg，“Washington AG Explains How Amazon，Expedia，and Microsoft Influenced Crucial Victory Over Trump，”Geekwire，2017年2月3日，https：//www.geekwire.com/2017/washington-agexplains-amazon-expedia-microsoft-influenced-crucial-victory-trump/。

5.Jeff John Roberts，“Microsoft:Feds Must‘Go Through Us’to Deport Dreamers，”Fortune，September 5，2017，http://fortune.com/2017/09/05/dacamicrosoft/.

6.Office of Communications，“Princeton，a Student and Micr-osoft File Federal Lawsuit to Preserve DACA，”Princeton University，November 3，2017，https://www.princeton.edu/news/2017/11/03/princeton-student-and-microsoft-filefederal-lawsuit-preserve-daca.

7.Microsoft Corporation，A National Talent Strategy，Decem-ber 2012，https://news.microsoft.com/download/presskits/citizenship/MSNTS.pdf.

8.Jeff Meisner，“Microsoft Applauds New Bipartisan Immigration and Education Bill，”Microsoft on the Issues（blog），Microsoft，January 29，2013，https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2013/01/29/microsoft-applauds-newbipartisan-immigration-and-education-bill/.

9.Mark Muro，Sifan Liu，Jacob Whiton，and Siddharth Kulkarni，Digitalization and the American Workforce（Washington，DC:Brookings Metropolitan Policy Program，2017），https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mpp_2017nov15_digitalization_full_report.pdf.

10.同上。

11.Nat Levy，“Q&A：Geek of the Year Ed Lazowska Talks UW's Future in Computer Science and Impact on the Seattle Tech Scene，”Geekwire，2017年5月5日，https：//www.geekwire.com/2017/qa-2017-geek-of-the-year-edlazowska-talks-uws-future-in-computer-science-and-impact-on-the-seattletech-scene/。为了普及计算机科学在高等教育等领域的应用，拉佐斯卡不知疲倦地进行了长期努力，取得了成效，并成为这一领域的领军人物。他来华盛顿大学执教时，该校只有12名计算机科学教授，而微软也只是一家小型初创企业。在比尔·盖茨和史蒂夫·鲍尔默带领微软成为全球科技领袖的同时，拉佐斯卡也领导华盛顿大学建立了全球领先的计算机科学课程，并发挥了决定性的作用。两家机构受益于彼此的成功以及它们之间的牢固合作关系，以戏剧性的方式展示了科技部门和一流大学之间经常存在的共生关系。参见Taylor Soper，“Univ.of Washington Opens New Computer Science Building，Doubling Capacity to Train Future Tech Workers，”Geekwire，2019年2月28日，https：//www.geekwire.com/2019/photos-univ-washington-opens-newcomputer-science-building-doubling-capacity-train-future-tech-workers/。

12.“AP Program Participation and Performance Data 2018，”College Board，https://research.collegeboard.org/programs/ap/data/participation/ap-2018.

13.同上。

14.David Gelles，“Hadi Partovi Was Raised in a Revolution.Today He Teaches Kids to Code，”NewYork Times，January 17，2019，https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/17/business/hadi-partovi-code-org-corner-office.html.

15.“Blurbs and Useful Stats，”Hour of Code，accessed January 25，2019，https://hourofcode.com/us/promote/stats.

16.Megan Smith，“Computer Science for All，”https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2016/01/30/computer-science-alI

17.“The Economic Graph，”Linkedin，accessed February 27，2019，https://economicgraph.linkedin.com/.

18.通过与领英的部分合作，马克尔基金会（Markle Foundation）发起名为“能手”（Skillful）的行动倡议，带动了在以技能为导向的招聘、培训和教育发展等方面的创新工作。Steve Lohr，“A New Kind of Tech Job Emphasizes SkillS，Not a College Degree，”NewYork Times，2017年6月29日，https：//www.nytimes.com/2017/06/28/technology/tech-jobs-skills-college-degree.html。

在科罗拉多州成功完成测试和验证工作之后，“能手”计划又进军印第安纳州。同样，微软在澳大利亚的子公司也与领英的澳大利亚团队和地方政府合作，利用领英的数据更好地识别出在越来越多的数字技术助力经济发展的过程中最需要的技能。Microsoft Australia，Building Australia's Future-Ready Workforce，2018年2月，https：//msenterprise.global.ssl.fastly.net/wordpress/2018/02/Building-Australias-Future-Ready-Workforce.pdf世界银行也在以一种自然的方式推行全球性的做法，与领英合作，在100多个国家构建并验证有关技能、行业就业和人才迁移的指标。Tingting Juni Zhu，Alan Fritzler，and Jan Orlowski，Data Insights：Jobs，Skills and Migration Trends Methodology&Validation Results，2018年11月，http：//documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/827991542143093021/World-Bank-Group-Linkedln-Data-lnsights-Jobs-Skills-and-Migration-Trends-Methodology-and-Validation-Results。

19.PaulPetrone，“The Skills New Grads Are Learning the Most，”The Learning Blog（Linkedln），May 9，2019，https://learning.Iinkedin.com/blog/top-skills/theskills-new-grads-are-learning-the-most.

20.自华盛顿州机遇奖学金项目（Washington State Opportunity Scholarship）创立以来，我一直担任该项目的董事会主席，先是由州长克里斯汀·葛瑞格尔任命，然后由州长杰伊·英斯利重新任命。

21.Katherine Long，“Washington's Most Generous Scholarship for STEM Students Has Helped Thousands.Could You Be Next？”Seattle Times，December 28，2018，https://www.seattletimes.com/education-lab/the-statesmost-generous-scholarship-for-stem-students-has-helped-thousands-couldyou-be-next/；Washington State Opportunity Scholarship，2018 Legislative Report，December 2018，https://www.waopportunityscholarship.org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/11/WSOS-2018-Legislative-Report.pdf.(www.xing528.com)

22.Alan Greenspan and Adrian Wooldridge，Capitalism in America:A History（New York:Penguin Press，2018），393，citing Raj Chetty et al.，“The Fading American Dream:Trends in Absolute Income Mobility Since 1940，”NBER Working Paper No.22910，National Bureau of Economic Research，March 2017.

23.Brad Smith，Ana Mari Cauce，and Wayne Martin，“Here's How Microsoft and UW Leaders Want to Better Fund Higher Education，”Seattle Times，March 20，2019，https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/how-the-businesscommunity-can-support-higher-education-funding/.

24.同上。

25.Hanna Scott，“Amazon，Microsoft on Opposite Ends of Tax Debate in Olympia，”MyNorthwest，April 5，2019，https://mynorthwest.com/1335071/microsoft-amazon-hb-2242-tax/.

26.Emily S.Rueb，“Washington State Moves Toward Free and Reduced College Tuition，With Businesses Footing the Bill，”New York Times，May 8，2019，https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/08/education/free-college-tuitionwashington-state.html.

27.Katherine Long，“110，000 Washington Students a Year Will Get Money for College，Many a Free Ride，”Seattle Times，May 5，2019，https://www.seattletimes.com/education-lab/110000-washington-students-a-year-will-getmoney-for-college-many-a-free-ride/.

28.College Board，“AP Program Participation and Performance Data 2018，”https://www.collegeboard.org/membership/all-access/counselingadmissions-financial-aid-academic/number-girls-and-underrepresented.

29.“Back to School by Statistics，”NCES Fast Facts，National Institute of Education Sciences，August 20，2018，https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp？id=372.

30.Maria Alcon-Heraux，“Number of Girls and Underrepresented Students Taking AP Computer Courses Spikes Again，”College Board，August 27，2018，https://www.collegeboard.org/membership/all-access/counselingadmissions-financial-aid-academic/number-girls-and-underrepresented.

31.1888年8月5日上午，伯莎·本茨和她两个十几岁的儿子理查德和尤金离开他们位于德国曼海姆的家，将第一辆获得专利的“无马马车”（德语为Fahrzeug mit Gasmotorenbetrieb，大意是“使用燃气发动机的车辆”）开上环绕他们家的马路。伯莎准备瞒着丈夫卡尔，驾驶他那三个轮子的古怪装置前往普福尔济姆她母亲家。这段60英里的旅程后来被称为汽车的第一次公路旅行。这次旅行可不容易。伯莎和她的儿子们穿过陡峭崎岖的地形。他们不得不把这个“冒烟的怪物”推上泥泞的山丘，穿过海德堡到达威斯洛克，并不断地往引擎里装满在当地药店购买的溶剂。那天晚上，伯莎和她的孩子们又脏又累地到了她母亲家，给卡尔发电报宣布他们取得了成功。他们的公路之旅成为头条新闻，为机动交通的新时代和梅赛德斯-奔驰汽车公司的未来成功奠定了基础。Brad Smithand Carol Ann Browne，“The Woman Who Showed the World How to Drive，”Today in Technology（blog），Linkedln，2017年8月5日，https：//www.linkedin.com/pulse/august-5-automobiles-first-road-trip-great-inventionsbrad-smith/。

32.“Ensuring a Healthy Community:The Need for Affordable Housing，Chart 2，”Stories（blog），Microsoft，https://3er1 viui9wo30pkxh1v2nh4w-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/prod/sites/552/2019/01/Chart-2-Home-Price-vs.-MHI-1000x479.jpg.

33.Daniel Beekman，“Seattle City Council Releases Plan to Tax Businesses，Fund Homelessness Help，”Seattle Times，April 20，2018，https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/seattle-city-council-releases-plan-totax-businesses-fund-homelessness-help/.

34.Matt Day and Daniel Beekman，“Amazon Issues Threat Over Seattle Head-Tax Plan，Halts Tower Construction Planning，”Seattle Times，May 2，2018，https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-pauses-plans-forseattle-office-towers-while-city-council-considers-business-tax/.

35.Daniel Beekman，“About-Face:Seattle City Council Repeals Head Tax Amid Pressure From Businesses，Referendum Threat，”Seattle Times，June 12，2018，https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/about-face-seattlecity-council-repeals-head-tax-amid-pressure-from-big-businesses/.

36.“Ensuring a Healthy Community:The Need for Affordable Housing，”Stories（blog），Microsoft，https://news.microsoft.com/affordable-housing/.

37.“2015年，西雅图地区约有5.7万人从家上班至少要忍受90分钟的通勤，比2010年增加了近2.4万人。也就是说，短短5年内增长了72%，也使西雅图的超级通勤者增长率在美国50个大都市中排到第三名。”Gene Balk，“Seattle's Mega-Commuters：We Spend More Time Than Ever Traveling to Work，”Seattle Times，2017年6月16日，https：//www.seattletimes.com/seattlenews/data/seattles-mega-commuters-we-are-spending-more-time-than-evertraveling-to-work/。

38.Brad Smith and Amy Hood，“Ensuring a Healthy Community:The Need for Affordable Housing，”Microsoft on the Issues（blog），Microsoft，January 16，2019，https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2019/01/16/ensuring-ahealthy-community-the-need-for-affordable-housing/.

39.Paige Cornwell and Vernal Coleman，“Eastside Mayors View Microsoft's$500 Million Housing Pledge with Enthusiasm，Caution，”Seattle Times，January 23，2019，https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/homeless/for-eastsidemayors-microsofts-500-miIlion-pledge-for-affordable-housing-is-tool-toaddress-dire-need/.

40.在西雅图地区扩大针对中低收入者的住房数量需要长期努力，其中不乏政治和经济挑战。住房问题发展到今天这个地步用了很多年的时间，而西雅图地区要找到一条出路也绝非一朝一夕之功。我们在微软内部做出介入决定时就认识到，考虑到问题的复杂性，毫无疑问，我们需要克服某种程度的争议，而且这不是一两天就能完成的事。但我们感到，重要的是参与其中，而不是袖手旁观，眼睁睁地看着局势继续恶化。

我们准备参与其中的一个原因是有华盛顿州前州长克里斯汀·葛瑞格尔的领导。在担任三届州检察长和两届州长后，她在2013年有机会决定下一步如何利用自己的时间和大量精力。我们说服她帮助我们找到并随后担任“挑战西雅图”的首席执行官，将本地区最大的公司团结在一起，做出更大的公民贡献。她对住房问题的承诺以及她在整个地区和政界享有的信誉发挥了重要作用，最终说服我们这是一项我们可以通过意义非凡的方式帮助应对的挑战。有关“挑战西雅图”的信息请浏览https：//www.challenge-seattle.com/。