民居设计与建造：关注环保与舒适性

More Humanized and Environmental-friendly

特色乡村生态社区示范

Featured Rural Ecological Community

在农村住区土地利用、空间组织、建筑群落等方面，结合崇明良好的自然本底，并延续长期以来自然形成中的传统农村住区近自然的乡村景观法则，应用自维护、低成本的乡土景观技术。农村住宅建筑在太阳能利用、节能、节水以及材料绿色化、技术集成化等方面，针对农村住区需求特征做出生态建筑技术选择上的取舍，包括对复杂化、大型化的技术或高新技术的应用采取谨慎态度，挖掘更人性化、对环境有利、能汲取传统民居建筑优良特点的传统技术。

Adhering to the natural law of rural landscope shaped over a long period， self-maintained， low-cost rural landscape technology is applied to good natural environment in Chongming in the fields of land use， space management and building groups， showing the harmony between nature and human settlement. In accordance with the needs of rural residential， choices should be made on eco-building technologies， in terms of use of solar energy， energy saving，water conservation， green materials and technology integration. In addition， complicated， large scale or advanced technologies. Should be adopted in caution. And it is ought to explore traditional technologies which are more humane and environmental friendly， with fine characteristics of vernacular architectures.

低成本乡村民居建筑生态改造技术

Low-cost Technology for the Ecological Reconstruction of the Rural Residential Buildings

在吸取传统人居环境建设有益经验的基础上，通过低成本乡村民居建筑生态改造及绿色建筑技术的应用，为乡村民居村的建设提供科学与技术支撑。采用屋面防水保温技术（增设坡屋面的防水层、加设保温板）、外墙外保温技术（无机保温砂浆）、门窗改造技术（单层玻璃更换为中空玻璃、添加密封条提高气密性）、可再生能源利用（太阳能热水器）等对现有住宅进行生态化改造，既能使大量现有农村住宅达到节能的要求，又能保持原有的地域风格。通过对崇明自然条件、能源资源条件等情况的分析，以低成本、高水平、地方化、综合化为原则，在特色民居设计、生态化改造及建造技术等方面提出了相应的模式要求，提高了室内热舒适性，实现了节能目标。

Based on the useful experience in the traditional construction of living environment， the scientific and technical support is offered to build rural dwellings by ecological reconstruction of low-cost residential buildings and application of the green building technology. During the ecological reconstruction of rural dwelling，without changing its local styles， many technologies are adopted to save energy， including waterproof and thermalinsulated technology on the roof (adding waterproof layer and insulation board to the sloping roof)， exterior insulation technology (inorganic insulation mortar)， the renovation of the door and window (replacing the singlelayer glass with insulating glass and adding a seal to improve its air tightness) and renewable energy (solar water heater).With analysis on Chongming’s natural conditions and energy and resources， the model on the design of local houses is raised， adhering to principles of the low cost， high level， localization and integration. Thus， indoor thermal comfort is better and the goal of saving energy is realized.

农村社区的绿色能源利用技术

Use of Green Energy in the Rural Community

在乡村居民建筑中使用太阳能与地源共同驱动的复合空调系统来供冷供热，可弥补太阳能不稳定、需要备用热源、地源热泵负荷不平衡需要辅助散热等缺点，使整个系统获得更高的能效，经全年逐时性能模拟，其综合节能率为70.7%。太阳能结合燃气的户式热水系统使太阳能热水器与燃气热水器串联运行，实现了太阳能与燃气联合供应户式洗浴热水，可提高热水供应的可靠性，并且与普通的燃气热水器相比，投资回收期缩短一半，碳排放减少70%以上。

瀛东村既有民居生态建筑改造方案
The eco-reconstruction scheme of the existing residential buildings in Yingdong village

瀛东村既有民居生态改造前后实景图
Before and after the eco-reconstruction of the existing residential buildings in Yingdong village

It could make up for the shortcomings of the solar energy such as its instability and need of backup heating source to use complex air conditioning system driven by the solar energy and ground source for cooling and heating. Besides， due to the unbalanced load of ground source heat pump， the solar devices require auxiliary heat dissipation. Therefore， the system combined with solar energy and ground source is more efficient， with which 70.7% energy may be saved. The household hot water system that combines the solar energy with the gas is able to supply household hot water heated by energy and gas when the solar water heaters and gas water heaters run in series. It enhances the reliability of hot water supply and reduce the payback period by half. Moreover， carbon emission is decreased by more than 70%， compared with ordinary gas water heaters.

太阳能集热器屋面
The solar collectors on the roof

太阳能与地源共同驱动的复合空调系统
The complex air-conditioning system driven by both the solar energy and the ground source(www.xing528.com)

雨水回收利用技术

Technology of Rainwater Recycling

在乡村小区设计建设过程中充分考虑到小区内雨水利用、污水再生回用的需要，建设了规模30立方米/天的雨水利用、中水回用示范工程，污水再生水（中水）主要用于绿化、地面冲洗和洗车等用途，雨水则用于小区的水景补充等。通过采用膜生物反应器（MBR）的中水回用技术和对初期径流弃流后的清洁屋面雨水储存的雨水收集技术，可经济合理地利用低品质水资源，节约优质水资源、减少供水成本及水环境污染。

In regard with the need of rainwater recycling and waste water reclamation during the process of designing and building the village， the demonstration projects of rainwater utilization in scale of 30 m3/d and water recycling are initiated. The water reclaimed from waste water is mainly used for green plant watering， car washing and ground washing etc， while the rainwater could supplement the waterscape in the community. By water recycling technology with membrane bio-reactor (MBR) and the rainwater storage technology collecting rainwater on clean roofs after discarding part of the initial flow， low quality water resources could be made full use of in an economical and rational way to save water resources of high quality， to cut costs of water supply and to reduce water pollution.

生活垃圾处理技术

Technology of Household Garbage Disposal

采用氧-厌氧复合处理技术，建成3 300人口当量的生活垃圾资源化处理技术与示范工程，可降解垃圾中有机物降解率达80%以上，堆肥产物可应用于社区绿地，按上海市社区生活垃圾的组成，分类后可通过堆肥实现资源化的有机垃圾比例为70%～78%。

Applied with oxygen-anaerobic compound treatment technology， demonstration project of recycling household refuse， an equivalent amount of waste produced by 3 300 people， will be carried out to degrade up to 80% organics in biodegradable waste. The compost product can be turned into resources used for the public green space in the community. According to the composition of household garbage in Shanghai， about 70%～78%organic wastes can be turned into compost after garbage classification.

对瀛东村现有45栋双层住宅建筑进行低成本生态化改造，使其既达到57%的建造综合节能率，又保持原有的海岛地域风格，有效改善了村民的室内生活环境与心理环境感受，体现了人文关怀，对创建和谐社会、生态村落具有积极的意义。

The low-cost ecological reconstruction of 45 existing double-story residential buildings in Yingdong Village not only comprehensively saves the energy by 57%， but also maintains the original style of the island， which effectively improves the villagers’ indoor living environment and psychological feelings. It shows humanistic care， which is positive for building a harmonious society and ecological villages.

通过各项环境保护与生态建设工作的落实和突进，陈家镇环境管理制度建设不断完善，区域内植被丰富，物种多样，生态环境良好。陈家镇新型农村生态社区建设是生态崇明岛建设科技支撑的重点组成内容。

瀛东村生态人居建设项目实景图
The ecological construction project of residential buildings in Yingdong village

Thanks to the implementation of projects concerning environmental protection and ecological development，the environmental management system of Chenjia Town has been continuously improved for its abundant vegetation， diverse species and good ecological environment. Chenjia Town is a typical example of building a new rural ecological community， which is also the core of scientific and technological support to build Chongming an ecological Island.

（上海市建筑科学研究院等单位供稿，考书建和司慧萍等整理）

(Contributed by Shanghai Research Institute of Building Sciences Group， sorted by Kao Shujian ＆ Si Huiping)