湿地保育开发实践：中外经验分享

Offering Practical Experience in Conservation Development of Wetlands for Home and Abroad

自然湿地和生态保护区的建设与保护

Construction and Protection of Natural Wetlands and Ecological Conservation Areas

作为世界最大的冲积沙岛，崇明岛具有丰富的滩涂湿地资源，包括崇东、崇西、九段沙等在内的主要湿地资源是崇明岛自然价值最高的生态系统，也是上海市重要的生态屏障。

As the world’s largest alluvial island， Chongming Island is rich in tidal-flat wetland， including Chongdong，Chongxi， and Jiuduansha. Those main wetland resources are not only the ecological systems of the highest natural value， but also play an important role as the ecological barriers of Shanghai.

崇明岛的国际影响力与日俱增，湿地保护和生态环境区域建设吸引了世界的目光。初步形成了“东滩湿地生态保育与修复示范区”和“西沙湿地保护与利用双赢模式实践区”两大湿地保护区；成功实施东滩互花米草生态控制与鸟类栖息地优化工程，使林泽恢复与引鸟区建设相结合，促使鸟类饵料动物群落自我维持与更新，鸟类数量大大增加，鸟类足迹遍布全岛；建立并保护了不同类型的生态环境区域，推进了东滩湿地公园、西沙湿地公园、互花米草生态控制、东滩国家级鸟类保护区、金鳌山公园开发与保护、明珠湖公园、瀛洲公园、东平国家森林公园等一大批项目；建成一批城市公园、道路绿化和滨水绿地，林地、绿地建设有效保护了岛内生态资源，全岛森林覆盖率位居全市首位，为保障全市生态安全作出重大贡献。

With growing international influence of Chongming Island， the wetland protection and building of ecological environment have attracted the world’s attention. Two wetland conservation areas have been initiated， namely“Dongtan Wetland Ecological Conservation and Repair Demonstration Area” and “Xisha Wetland Protection and Utilization of Win-Win Model Practice Area.” The projects including habitat optimization of birdsand ecological control of Spartina alterniflora have been implemented in Dongtan. After the recovery of forests and wetlands，birds are introduced to promote self-sustainability and renewal of the bird bait animal community. As a result， the number of birds is greatly increased and the bird footprints are spread all over the island. Chongming Island has established and protected different types of ecological environment areas， and promoted enormous projects like Ecological Control in Dongtan Wetland Park， Xisha Wetland Park， Spartina alterniflora， Dongtan National Bird Protection Zone， Jin Aoshan Park Development and Protection， Pearl Lake Park， Yingzhou Park and Dongping National Forest Park. With a large number of urban parks， the forest coverage rate of the island ranks first in Shanghai， which makes making a significant contribution to the city’s ecological security.

东滩湿地公园

Dongtan Wetland Park

东滩湿地公园建于1998年，集保护、科研、教育、生态旅游和娱乐等功能于一体，2012年获得“中国生态保护最佳湿地”称号。2002年，东滩湿地公园被列入“拉姆萨国际湿地保护公约”国际重要湿地名录，评估依据为：位于世界第三大河流长江的入海口，形成了一个独特的天然湿地，包括大面积的淡水区域，以及盐碱沼泽、潮溪和泥潭等；维持着一个脆弱、濒危甚至极度濒危物种的生态群落，是12种濒危鸟类的栖息地，包括白鹳、白头鹤、中华秋沙鸭、白枕鹤等；位于一条重要的迁徙路线（东亚/澳大利西亚）上，是鸟类过冬迁徙路线上的歇脚点；是数百万鸟类的栖息地，有超过30 000只鹅和8种涉水鸟。据统计，在东滩湿地一年中共发现过2 989种鸟类。同时东滩湿地也是濒危物种中华鲟等鱼类的迁徙通道和产卵、觅食点。

Founded in 1998， Dongtan Wetland Park won the honor of China’s Ecological Protection of the Best Wetlands in 2012， consisting of functions of protection， research， education， eco-tourism and entertainment. In 2002， Dongtan Wetland Park was listed on Ramsa Convention， the list of world renowned wetlands. Located at the mouth of Yangtze River， the world’s third largest river， Dongtan Wetland Park takes shape as a unique natural wetland， which includes large areas of fresh water and salt marshes， tides and quagmire. Dongtan Wetland Park has a fragile ecological community， homing endangered or even extremely endangered species， such as 12 kinds of endangered birds including white storks， white cranes， Chinese mergansers， white-naped cranes and so on.Lying in an important migration route (East Asia/Australasia)， the park is a resting point of the birds migrating to escape winter and also an important habitat of millions of birds， such as over 30 000 geese and 8 species of wading birds. According to statistics， there are about 2 989 species of birds found in the Dongtan wetland in one year. In addition， it is a migrating stop for endangered fish species such as Chinese sturgeon to spawn and to look for food.

西沙湿地公园

Xisha Wetland Park

具有典型的河口滩涂湿地和潮汐河流生态系统的西沙湿地公园建立于2005年，是崇明岛国家地质公园的核心组成部分、崇明岛国家地质公园纪念碑所在地，也是上海目前唯一具有自然潮汐现象和成片滩涂林地的自然湿地。西沙湿地的地质遗迹和景观主要有“河口潮滩地貌地质遗迹”、“湿地地貌地质遗迹”及湿地植被、鸟类、底栖动物等。西沙湿地比东滩湿地小，占地约3平方公里，但其潮汐平原对长江三角洲群岛的生态系统有重要的作用。目前，上海林业局正将其作为具有生态保护、科研、娱乐和旅游等多功能的资源进行开发。

Xisha Wetland Park is a typical estuary tidal-flat wetland， belonging to tidal river ecosystem. Founded in 2005， Xisha Wetland Park is the core of National Geological Park of Chongming Island. Chongming Island National Geological Park Monument stands at the only natural wetland in Shanghai where tidal phenomenon and tidal-flat area and woodland can be seen. The ecological relics and landscapes of the Xisha Wetland are “estuarine terrain geological relics”， “wetland geomorphic geological relics” and wetland vegetation， birds， benthic animals and so on. Xisha Wetland covers an area of about 3 km2， which is smaller than the Dongtan wetland. However， its tidal plain plays an important role in the Yangtze River Delta Ecosystem. At present， Shanghai Forestry Bureau is responsible to develop Xisha Wetland into a park with multiple functions like ecological protection， scientific research， entertainment and tourism and others.(www.xing528.com)

东滩国家级鸟类保护区

Dongtan National Bird Protection Zone

东滩国家级鸟类保护区成立于1998年，辖区面积32 600公顷，它保留了一定的光滩和沼泽地，在重建湿地生态系统的同时，也为候鸟栖息提供了理想场所。据统计，东滩湿地鸟类达149种，其中国家二类保护动物14种，迁徙鸟类最大种群数已超过2千只，并成功展开扬子鳄野生种群恢复研究工作。 2002年，东滩湿地被列入国际主要湿地目录，并于目前完成了1.81平方公里范围的基本环境建设。崇明生态岛建设有助于恢复鸟类的栖息地以及提高占全球种群数量1%以上的水鸟物种数，2012年，崇明岛占全球种群数量1%以上的水鸟物种数保持在7种，实现了《纲要》所提出的目标。

Founded in 1998， Dongtan National Bird Reserve covers an area of 32 600 hm2. It retains a certain bare flat and swamp， offering an ideal habitat for migratory birds in the rebuilding of wetland ecosystem. According to statistics， there are 149 species of birds in Dongtan wetland， among which 14 are the second class of protected animals. The largest population of migratory birds has reached over 2 000. And the research on wild population of Chinese alligators has been recovered. About 1.81 km2 of the basic environment construction has completed. In 2002， it was included in the international list of major wetlands.The construction of Chongming Island will help to restore the habitat of birds and to increase the number of waterbirds species that accounts for over 1%of the global population. In 2012，seven species of waterbird species in Chongming Island accounted for over 1% of the global population， achievingthe objectives in the Outline.

鸟类栖息地优化试验区
Bird habitat optimal test area

互花米草生态控制技术

Technology of Ecological Control of Spartina alterniflora

2003年，互花米草被中国国家环保总局列为十六种最有害的外来入侵物种之一。努力控制互花米草，对于改善崇明岛原生植物和鸟类栖息地具有重要意义，因此，崇明岛互花米草生态控制方案现已实施。崇明东滩互花米草控制与治理采用物理控制结合生物替代的综合方法，按照“围、割、淹、晒、调、种”六字措施开展。即通过建立围堤防止互花米草向堤外扩张，对堤内地上部分的互花米草通过火烧、刈割的方式清除，再提高水位水淹互花米草的繁殖体，使繁殖体缺氧而死亡。待互花米草的繁殖体基本清除后再排水露出滩涂根据规划的空间布局定植一定密度的芦苇，随后将盐度较低的长江水引入围堤内，达到一定的水深，促进芦苇生长，遏制互花米草的复苏。

In 2003， Spartina alterniflora was listed as one of the sixteen most harmful invasive alien species by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of People’s Republic of China. It is of great significance to spare no efforts to control Spartina alterniflora and to improve native plant and bird habitat of Chongming Island. The proposals on ecological control of Spartina alterniflora in Chongming Island have been carried out. Comprehensive approaches combining physical control with biological alternative method are adopted in Dongtan， Chongming to control Spartina alterniflora. Six specific measures are implemented， namely enclosing， cutting， flooding， drying，transferring and planting. That is to prevent the expansion of Spartina alternifolia by the construction of dike. As for the Spartina alterniflora inside embankment， the part above the ground can be cut or removed by fire. And then， the water level can be raised to flood Spartina alterniflora so as to devitalize the propagation of Spartina alterniflora due to hypoxia. After basic removal of the propagation， the water shall be drained until tidal flat exposed， where a certain density of reed will be planted. After that， hyposaline water from Yangtze River water will be introduced to the dike until it reaches a certain depth so as to promote the growth of reeds and to curb the recovery of Spartina alterniflora.

这些湿地的有效保护，不仅为崇明生态岛建设保留了重要的生态财富，提升了崇明生态岛的国际知名度，为上海的城市生态安全提供了重要保障，同时还为国内外湿地的保育与开发提供了重要的实践经验。近年来，崇明生态岛建设在环境基础设施上投入巨大，生态环境日益好转。崇明人均公共绿地达到11.35平方米，生态岛森林覆盖率达到19.3%，位居全市首位；岛内新增生态保护地550平方公里，生态保护地面积达到76.9%，湿地生态环境得到一定程度改善；7种鸟类的数量占全球种群数量的1%以上，湿地保护取得了较大进展；东滩和西沙湿地公园的开发对崇明生态岛建设目标具有重要作用，2012年，崇明岛自然湿地保有率保持在43.38%。当前的行动有助于改善湿地的健康性和可持续性，也有助于提高自然湿地保有率等指标的水平，而湿地保有率自然应作为需要维持的稳定性指标继续保持。

互花米草生态控制试验区
Spartina alterniflora ecological control experimental

The effective protection of these wetlands not only retains important ecological wealth for Chongming ecoisland， but also has promoted the international reputation of Chongming eco-island. It has guaranteed ecological security of Shanghai. At the same time， it also provides important practical experience in the conservation and development of wetland both home and abroad. Per capita public green space of Chongming residents reached 11.35 m2. Ecological island forest coverage rate reaches 19.3%， ranking first in the city. 550 m2 new protected areas are added and the ecological protected area reaches 76.9%. The ecological environment of the wetland has been improved to a certain extent， and seven species of water bird species in Chongming Island accounted for over 1% of the global population. Thus， wetland protection has made great progress. The development of Dongtan and Xisha Wetland parks plays an important role in the building of Chongming eco-island. In 2012， the natural wetland preservation rate of Chongming Island remained at 43.38%. Current actions are conducive to improve the health and sustainability of wetlands and also to the rise of the level of natural wetland conservation and other standards， while the natural wetland conservation rate should be maintained as a stable index， which needs to be maintained.

（复旦大学和华东师范大学等单位供稿，考书建和司慧萍等整理）

(Contributed by Fudan University and East China Normal University， sorted by Kao Shujian ＆ Si Huiping)