保护长江口水环境：崇明岛治理和水资源利用探讨

Water Environment Treatment

崇明岛治理与水资源利用

The Governance of Chongming Island and Water Resources Utilization

作为长江口大型的冲积海岛，崇明全岛水面积150平方公里，占总面积的12.5%。密集的河网水系是崇明岛五大特色生态景观之一，水资源的保障和循环利用与崇明生态岛建设和健康发展息息相关。由于岛内地势平坦，水系水流缓慢，加上近年来不断建成的堤坝，导致河网水流动力不足，流通不畅，大大降低了水体对污染物的自净能力，加剧了水体污染和富营养化过程。近年来，崇明河网部分河段淤积，水量减少，河道自净能力减退，部分河段水体出现明显污染，个别泯沟和小河水体水质达四类至五类。加强河流生态重建的科学方法与集成技术研究，建立一套适合崇明的水环境生态修复技术体系，并通过示范工程的推广和应用，对逐步实现崇明岛域的水资源良性循环和“水清、岸绿、景美、畅游”的水生态建设目标都具有重要的现实意义。

As a large alluvial island at the mouth of the Yangtze River， Chongming Island covers a water area of 150 km2， accounting for 12.5% of the total area. The intensive river network is one of the five featured ecological landscapes of Chongming Island. The protection and recycling of water resources are closely related to the construction and the healthy development of Chongming Ecological Island. Since the island is flat， the water flow is slow. Besides， due to the continuous building of the dam in recent years， the river network is lack of hydrodynamic force with poor circulation， which greatly reduces the water self-purification capacity on the pollutants. And thus， water pollution exacerbates and so does eutrophication. In recent years， some parts of the Chongming River network experiences partial siltation， water reduction， and diminished self-purification capacity. Some parts of rivers are obviously polluted and the water quality of a few rivulets ranks fourth class or even fifth class. It is of realistic significance to strengthen studies on scientific methods and integrated technologies for ecological reconstruction of rivers， to establish a set of technological systems to restore ecological water environment suitable for Chongming， to push forward the virtuous circle of water resources through demonstrationprojects and to help Chongming Island realize goals of water ecological construction—fresh water， green shore，beautiful scene and wonderful tour .

河道生态治理技术

Technology of River Ecological Management

按照现代生态河道设计理念，河道治理不应只是简单地为河道筑起水泥护岸，而应从修复水生态系统的角度出发，在构建河道护岸时，让河坡与水体亲密接触，实现水体与河坡动植物之间水、气的自由畅通交换。崇明生态河道设计方案从堤岸坡顶至坡脚依次种植陆生植物（乔、灌、草）、湿生植物等全系列植物，这样既可形成多层次生态防护，还能兼顾生态和景观功能。从2011年开始，崇明县（三岛）就积极开展了崇明河道生态治理项目试点工作，同时，东平镇上的万平河和港沿镇上的向阳河被选为生态管理的试点河道，主要措施包括底泥疏浚，堤岸建设，生态净化系统和绿色生态建设，使周边环境得到显著改善。

According to the concept of modern eco-river design， river management is more than just building cement revetment for the river， but includes making the river slope be close to water in order to achieve free and easy exchange of water and air between water and animals and plants during the construction of the revetment， from the perspective of restoration of water ecosystems. In the design of ecological rivers， Chongming plans to plant terrestrial plants (arbor， shrub， and grass) and hygrophytes from the top to foot of embankment slope to obtain multi-level ecological protection， and also to have ecological and landscape functions. Since 2011， Chongming County (including three islands) has actively carried out the pilot work of Chongming River ecological management projects. At the same time， Wanping River in Dongping Town and Xiangyang River in Gangyan Town have also been selected as the pilot rivers for ecological management. The main measures include sediment dredging， embankment construction， ecological purification system and green ecological construction. The surrounding environment has improved significantly.

示范工程实施过程河道
Implementation process of demonstration project

示范工程实施后河道
After the implementation of demonstration project

水资源调度技术

Technology of Water Resources Regulation

水资源调度是实现水资源优化配置，提高用水效率，实行最严格水资源管理制度的重要手段。加强崇明岛水资源、水环境生态建设是积极推进崇明国家可持续发展实验区建设，努力建成崇明现代化综合生态岛的重要组成部分。开展岛域水资源合理调度关键技术研究，可以按照顺应水体的流动特性和水环境的生态需求以及支撑生态岛建设的要求，充分利用水利工程设施，稳步实现提升岛域防汛安全、改善河湖水质、满足用水需求、维护水生态系统健康循环的能力。(www.xing528.com)

Water resources regulation is an important means to optimize allocation of water resources， to improve water efficiency and to implement the most stringent water resources management system. Establishing a water ecosystem in Chongming Island plays an important role in building Chongming into a National Sustainable Development Experimental Zone， as well as a modern and integrated ecological island. In order to do some research on the key technologies of water resources regulation， it is possible to make full use of water conservancy engineering facilities in accordance with the flow characteristics of water， the ecological needs of water environment and the demands to support the building of the eco-island. It can steadily improve safety in flood prevention of the island， ensure water quality in rivers and lakes， meet the water needs， and maintain capability of healthy water cycle ecosystem.

河网水量水质模型精细泵闸调控技术

Technology of Fine Pump and Watergate Regulation of River Network Water Quantity and Quality Model

河网水量水质模型泵闸调控精细模拟的核心技术，实现了对水闸直升门、卧倒门、横拉门、人字门、一字门等不同门型以及泵站的调控运行精细模拟功能；准确反映了泵闸调控能力与引排水方式、时间、面平均高低水位、代表点高低水位、代表断面流量、泵闸内外节点高低水位、水闸开关速度、闸门开启度等控制指标的动态变化响应关系；提高了河网水量水质模型应用于实际科学调度管理的适应性、准确性和可靠性。闸门开启高度的优化研究，使岛域外围各引排口门可充分引排水，总引水量比现状增加47.08%，全岛氨氮（水/废水中氨氮含量指标）和化学需氧量（CODCr）的面平均浓度分别下降48.27%和39.01%。

With the core technology of the fine pump and watergate regulation simulation of river network water quantity and quality model， it is possible to simulate the control and operation of sluice vertical-lift gates， flap gates， cross pulling gates， herringbone gates and other different gate types and pump stations. The technology also correctly reflects the dynamic response relationship between the following elements: pump control capacity，drainage methods， time， the average level of water surface， the high and low water level of representative level， the representative cross-section flow， the high and low water level of nodes inside and outside the pump， the sluice switch speed， the gate opening degree and other control indicators. It improves the adaptability， accuracy and reliability of applying the river network water quantity and quality model to the actual scientific scheduling management. The study on the optimization of gate height promotes the full water diversion outside the island.The total water diversion increased by 47.08%， while the average density of NH3-N and CODCr decreased by 48.27% and 39.01% respectively.

东风西沙水源地水质安全保障及防控预警技术

Technology of Water Quality Security of Dongfeng Xisha Water Source

针对东风西沙岛自然环境条件及农业生产现状，研究出集源头减量、过程控制及末端治理为一体的面源污染防控技术体系及相关的操作管理规程。掌握了基于生态排水沟及避难缓冲带等的生态拦截体系对农业面源污染物的拦截效果。搭建完成长江口流场自动预报模式，并利用数值模型较为真实地模拟环流、温度、盐度、粘性与非粘性泥沙的输运、沉积与再悬浮。开发了长江口杭州湾大范围海域三维流场自动预报模式，为溢油模型和化学品泄漏模型提供粒子示踪模拟所需的未来三天流场数据，大幅削减应急预测所需时间。建立完成化学品及油品信息数据库。建立的长江口溢油化学品数值模型已用于2013年长江口多次沉船事件等突发污染事故的研究分析和管理中。完成三次长江口的水文水质监测，进一步了解了长江口水质变化情况。

Given the natural environment and agricultural production of Dongfeng Xisha Island， this book has conducted a comprehensive and systematic research on the technological system of prevention and control of non-point sources pollution integrated with source reduction， process control， and end treatment. The study finds out the interception effect of agricultural non-point pollutants， based on the ecological interception system such as ecological drainage ditches and evacuation buffer zones. The automatic prediction model of the Yangtze River Estuary flow field is established， which makes use of the numerical model to emulate the circulation， temperature， salinity， transport and deposition of cohesive and non-cohesive sediment. A three-dimensional automatic prediction model is establish for the Hangzhou Bay flow field at the mouth of Yangtze River， providing the next-three-day data of particle tracer simulation for oil spill model and chemical leakage model. It can dramatically reduce the time required for emergency forecasting. The information database of the chemicals and oils has been completed. In 2013， the oil spill chemical numerical model was used for the research and analysis of multiple shipwreck incidents and other sudden pollution incidents in Yangtze River Estuary.Three times of monitoring results of hydrological water quality in Yangtze River Estuary shows the changes of water quality in Yangtze River Estuary.

在崇明生态岛建设中大力开展河道整治与截污治污工作，持续开展骨干河道综合整治工程和危闸改造工程，改善骨干河道引排水条件，采取南引北排、西水东调、常引常排等措施，改善内河水质。进一步完善市、县、乡镇、村四级河道长效管理机制和中小河道轮疏机制，发挥河道保洁队伍作用，使生态岛水环境质量更上一层楼。

To build an eco-island， Chongming is vigorously engaged in dredging waterway and pollution interception and control. It continues to carry out comprehensive renovation of trunk rivers and reconstruction of dangerous watergates to improve the water diversion and drainage of the trunk rivers. Measures are taken to improve water quality， such as south-to-north draining， west-to-east water diversion and frequent water diversion and draining. Moreover， the small river rotation mechanisms is enhanced to further upgrade the long-term river management mechanism of city， county，township and village so as to raise the water quality in the ecological island to a higher level.

（同济大学和上海市水务规划设计研究院等单位供稿，考书建和司慧萍等整理）

(Contributed by Tongji University， Shanghai Water Planning and Design Institute，sorted by Kao Shujian ＆ Si Huiping)