传承文化，实现城市建筑可持续利用

Cultural Inheritance and Continuous Use

做好城市既有建筑改造利用这篇大文章

Retrofit and Reuse of Urban Existing Buildings

我国既有建筑存量超过500亿平方米，且平均寿命仅约30年，每年由于拆除、新建等产生超过15亿吨的建筑垃圾，环境压力巨大。随着经济飞速发展，城市既有建筑缺少可持续的改造利用，城市文脉割断，千城一面现象严重。在城市化进程中，由于城市既有建筑改造利用率不高，每年需新增建筑约20亿平方米，使用了全世界约40%的水泥和钢材，碳排放量巨大，资源能源前景严峻。在新的节能减排及和谐社会建设过程中，城市既有建筑的可持续改造日趋重要，已是关系到建筑业健康持续发展的决定性因素之一。以“传承文化、再生功能、提升性能、持续利用”为理念，通过城市既有建筑可持续改造利用成套技术的研发与应用，使既有建筑的安全性能、耐久性能、环境性能、使用舒适性能以及资源、能源利用效率等得到全面提升，体现“四节一环保”的发展方向，使社会效益、经济效益和环境效益最大化。

Existing buildings in China totaled more than 50 billion m2， and the average lifetime of these buildings is only about 30 years. Every year， more than 1.5 billion tons of construction waste is produced from demolishing and new constructions， putting a lot of pressure on the environment. With the rapid economic development，urban existing buildings are lack of sustainable retrofit and reuse， urban cultural context is incomplete， and every city looks the same. During the urbanization process， due to the low retrofit and reuse ratio of urban existing buildings， about 2 billion m2 of new buildings need to be built every year， which consumes 40% of the world’s steel and concrete and causes huge carbon emission， and resource and energy are facing grim prospects. During the new process of energy saving， emission reduction， and developing a harmonious socialist society， the sustainable retrofit of urban existing building is increasingly important， and it has become one of the determining factors for the healthy and sustainable development of construction industry. With the philosophy of “culture heritage， function regeneration， performance enhancement， sustained utilization”， by developing and applying the integrated technique of sustainable retrofit and reuse of urban existing buildings， safety performances， durabilityperformances， environmental performances， comfort， and resource and energy utilization ratio of existing buildings can be comprehensively enhanced， exhibiting “four savings and one environmental protection measure”as the trend of building retrofit and maximizing social benefits， economic benefits， and environmental benefits.

既有建筑再生设计关键技术

Key Technology of Regenerative Building Design

通过对既有建筑与外部空间环境协调关系的研究，提出既有建筑空间环境再生设计的原则：以人为本；可持续设计；从整体出发确定用地功能和环境改造规划；尊重历史，合理利用场所资源；新旧环境和谐共鸣。同时针对既有建筑周边环境、间距、尺度、立面、平面、组合、配套设施等进行环境整合与优化改造方式，坚持：提升生活品质，创造地区活力，尊重地区文脉，发掘地区特质；尊重并创造地区结构，在空间、时间、功能、文化等不同层面上进行设计；整合周边地区，重新改造和利用既有建筑，融合多种功能的周边公共开放空间；创造良好的地区形象，重新塑造城市的空间景观，充分建立以人为本、和谐共融的外部空间环境。通过对既有建筑与环境关系的反思，从“生态纪”发展的角度提出了资源循环的节能技术以及提倡利用传统方法的低碳关键技术。通过对既有建筑改造全过程的分析，建立了系统发展的可持续原则，提炼了营造与运营相整合的集成方法，提出了设计、施工、评估、管理四位一体的关键技术。

By studying the environmental coordination between existing buildings and exterior surroundings， the principles for regenerative design of existing building special environmental were proposed: people-oriented， sustainable design， overall determination of land-use functions and environmental retrofit design， respectful to history and rational utilization of site resources， and harmony between old and new environment. At the same time， environmental integration and retrofit methods optimization were conducted for surrounding environment， spacing， scale， elevation，plane layout， combination， and facilities of existing buildings， persisting in: enhancing the quality of life， creating regional vitality， respecting regional cultural context， and exploring regional characteristic; respecting and creating regional structure， and conducting design on different levels such as space， time ，function， and culture; integrating surrounding areas， retrofitting and reusing existing buildings， and converging multi-functional surrounding public space; creating favorable regional image， rebuilding urban spatial landscape， and fully establishing people-oriented and harmonious exterior spatial environment. By reviewing the relationship between existing buildings and environment，energy-saving technology of resource recycling and key low-carbon technology promoting traditional methods application were proposed from the “ecology” development point of view. Through the analysis of the entire retrofit process of existing building， sustainable principles for systematic development were established， the integration method for converging construction and operation was refined， and key technology integrating design， construction， assessment，and management was proposed.

既有建筑评估鉴定技术和基于性能的改造加固技术

Assessment， Appraisal， Retrofitting and Performance-based Strengthening Technology for Existing Buildings

在分析现有结构可靠性评估方法的研究现状和存在问题的基础上，探讨了既有建筑的目标使用期确定方法和可靠性目标，研究了基于目标使用期的既有建筑结构可靠性评估和抗震鉴定的关键技术问题，建立了以目标使用期系数和结构耐久年限系数作为主要调整系数的既有建筑结构承载能力极限状态表达式。研发了考虑现浇楼板、砖填充墙等次要结构构件对结构整体受力性能有利的既有建筑结构性能精细化分析技术，研究了既有裂缝损伤对结构受力特性、承载力、变形能力、损伤特征等的不利影响规律。通过这些关键技术研究，可有效提高既有建筑评估鉴定的科学性，并最大程度地挖掘既有建筑结构的刚度和强度潜力。

Based on analyzing the research status and problems of existing structural reliability evaluation methods， the method for determining goal service period of existing buildings and reliability target were discussed， key technology of structural reliability assessment and seismic appraisal for existing buildings based on goal service period was studied， and structural bearing capacity equation of existing buildings at limit state was established using goal service period coefficient and structural durability period coefficient as main adjustment coefficients. Refined analyzing technologies for structural performances of existing buildings were studied considering beneficial effects of minor structural elements such as cast-in-place floor and masonry filler wall on overall structural mechanical performances， the adverse influence law of existing cracking damages on structural mechanics， bearing capacity， deformability， and damage features was studied.Based on the key technology research， the scientific nature of existing building assessment and appraisal can be effectively enhanced， and stiffness and strength potentials of existing building structures can be excavated to the greatest extent.

根据既有结构加固技术的特点和现实需求，引入结构性能化加固改造设计的思想和方法，深化基于性能的结构抗震加固分析理论；对既有建筑结构消能减震加固中耗能元件的使用进行归纳总结，通过算例进行既有建筑增设耗能元件的弹塑性时程分析，提出了既有建筑基于性能抗震加固中耗能元件的选型原则和设计方法；通过大量结构加固试验研究和数值分析，提出了加大截面法、外包角钢法、增加支撑法、植筋插层法等现有加固技术的改进措施。

According to characteristics of strengthening techniques for existing structures and practical needs， the idea and method of performance-based structural strengthening and retrofitting design were introduced， andthe performance-based analysis theory of structural seismic strengthening was deepened. The application of dissipative elements in existing building structural energy dissipation strengthening was summarized， elasticplastic time-history analyses of existing buildings strengthened with dissipative elements was conducted through case study， and the selection principle and design method for dissipative elements in performance-based seismic strengthening of existing buildings were proposed. Based on a lot of structural strengthening experiments and numerical analyses， improvement measures for existing strengthening techniques such as cross-section enlargement， angle-steel encasement， additional braces， and post-installed rebars were proposed.

带裂缝混凝土框架试验研究
Experimental research on concrete frame with existing cracks

结构加固改造
Structural strengthening and retrofitting

城市既有建筑新增地下空间开发关键技术

Key Technology of Use of Increasing Underground Space under Urban Existing Buildings

针对软土地基条件下既有建筑新增地下空间的需求，建立相应的可行性评价和风险评估方法。深入研究了既有建筑地基基础检测评估方法及地下空间开发对上部结构的影响机理，进行了高速地质探测仪在地基基础检测中的应用研究和分析模型探讨，开发了旁孔透射法检测既有建筑桩基长度及缺陷的方法，完成了针对既有建筑新增地下空间为目的的结构与地基基础评估技术研究工作。提出了整套的新增地下空间开发的逆作法施工技术，包括结构与地基加固技术、基础托换技术、基坑围护技术、土方开挖技术、地下水控制技术、地下结构施工技术等，并研发了针对软土地基的地基加固和基础增强适用技术。搭建了集可视化、智能化、信息化于一体的改造施工与管理平台，集成了信息维护、远程调用与查看、管理指令传递、监测数据曲线绘制、多媒体信息建立与查看等功能。通过应用新增地下空间改造设计与施工关键技术和实施过程监控技术，集成了既有建筑新增地下空间的关键技术体系，成功实现了在软土地基条件下开发既有建筑的地下空间。(www.xing528.com)

For the need of increasing underground space of existing buildings built on soft ground， corresponding feasibility assessment and risk evaluation method were established. Testing and evaluation method for existing building foundations and the influence mechanism of underground space development on superstructure were studied in-depth， research on application of high-speed geological survey instrument in foundation testing and discussion on analysis models were conducted， the testing method for the pile length and defects in existing building foundation was developed， and research on structure and foundation assessment technology for increasing underground space of existing buildings was completed. An entire reverse construction technology for the development of increasing underground space was proposed， including structure and foundation strengthening technique， underpinning technique， foundation support technique， soil excavation technique， groundwater control technique，and underground structural construction. Foundation reinforcing and strengthening technology for soft ground was also developed. The integrated visualized intelligent informational retrofit construction and management platform was set up， integratingfunctions such as information maintenance， remote call and view， instruction passing management， curve plotting from monitored data， and multimedia information set up and review. By applying key technology of retrofit design and construction of increasing underground space and implementing process monitor technology， key technologies of increasing underground space of existing buildings were integrated. Therefore， the development of underground space of existing buildings on soft ground can be successfully achieved.

地下空间开发逆作法施工
Reverse construction of underground space development

既有建筑节能综合改造技术和生态改造技术

Comprehensive Energy-saving Renovation Technology and Ecological Renovation Technology for Existing Buildings

针对城市既有建筑节能改造特点，开展了基于全生命周期“设计→施工→验收→评估”的现场测评和综合节能改造技术体系研发，包括：通过模拟实际案例分析适合的节能改造设计方法；根据既有建筑现状研究围护结构、采暖空调系统、照明系统、动力系统等节能改造方法；提出了智能遮阳系统、隔热涂料等围护结构体系节能改造测评方法和空调系统等改造质量验收技术体系；研发了包括围护结构、空调系统、照明系统、其他设备系统、可再生能源、运行管理等的节能改造效果定量综合测评技术体系。

According to the characteristics of urban existing buildings， the technology system of “design→ construction→ acceptance → evaluation” for in-situ testing and comprehensive energy-saving renovation of existing buildings based on the entire lifecycle was developed， including: proper energy-saving renovation design method was analyzed by simulating actual cases; energy-saving renovation methods for enclosing structure， heating and air-conditioning systems， lighting system， and power system were proposed based on studying status of existing buildings; energysaving renovation evaluation method for enclosing structure system such as intelligent sun-shading system and thermal insulation coating and quality acceptance technology system for air-conditioning system renovation were proposed for the first time; a comprehensive evaluation technology system for quantifying effects of energy-saving renovation of enclosing structure， air-conditioning system， lighting system， other facility system，renewable energy， and operation management was developed.

针对既有建筑使用功能和室内舒适度欠佳的现状，在多学科交叉的节能、绿色、生态、低碳关键技术研发基础上，开展了既有建筑生态改造的技术体系研发，包括：开展既有建筑绿色度的调研和测试评估技术研究；研发风环境改善技术、绿化技术、喷泉降温技术、自然通风技术、主动采光技术、声环境优化技术、空气质量改善技术等室内外环境综合优化改善技术；研究空调系统改造方法、新型能源高效利用技术以及太阳能、风能等可再生能源利用技术；针对既有建筑改造后需求建立了智能化运营控制系统以及信息化能耗监测技术体系。

For the poor situation of utility functions and indoor comfort level of existing buildings， based on the multidisciplinary key technology development of energy-saving， green， ecological， and low-carbon， ecological renovation technology systems for existing buildings were established， including: research on green degree survey and testing and evaluation technology for existing buildings was conducted; indoor and outdoor environment comprehensive improvement by using technologies such as wind environment improvement technology， greening technology， fountain cooling technology， natural ventilation technology， active day lighting technology， soundenvironment optimization technology， and air quality improvement technology were developed; research on air-conditioning renovation method， new high-efficiency utilization technology， and utilization technology of renewable energy such as solar energy and wind energy was conducted; intelligent operation control system and informational energy consumption monitor technology system were set up according to the needs after existing building renovation.

既有建筑改造新型修缮材料研发和绿色施工

Innovative Repair Materials and Green Construction Technology of Existing Building Renovation

针对工程大量采用的维修加固材料普遍存在的耐久性欠佳和使用范围受限的现状，开展了既有建筑新型修缮材料和方法的关键技术研发。通过原材料选择和搭配优化，研发了新型无机后锚固材料，具有高强度、耐高温、可直接焊接、适应潮湿基面、耐老化、环保、耐久性好等特点，大大提高了修缮工程的稳定性、耐久性及安全性，消除了工程的后续隐患。为了有效利用城市改造过程中产生的大量固体废弃物，研发了再生骨料混凝土利用技术，促进了建筑业的可持续发展。进行了免拆除屋面防水、表层保护、裂缝灌浆等新型修缮材料和方法的研发。

For common problems such as poor durability and limited application scope of repair and strengthening materials widely used in constructions， key technology of new repair materials and methods for existing buildings were developed. By selecting and optimizing collocation of raw materials， a new type of inorganic post-installed material was invented， which can be characterized as high strength， the mutability， direct welding， adaptive to wet interface， anti-aging， environmental friendly， good durability， and so on， to significantly enhance the stability durability and safety of repair engineering and eliminate subsequent engineering risks. In order to effectively use the large amounts of solid waste produced from urban renovation process， utilization technology of recycled aggregate concrete was developed to promote the sustainable development of construction industry. New repair materials and methods such as roof waterproof without demolishing， surface protection， and crack-grouting were developed.

从“四节一环保”目标出发，结合既有建筑改造施工特点，对施工过程中可能产生的环境污染、资源能源浪费的原因进行分析，给出具体的控制措施，并提出了绿色施工管理模式和动态控制方法与手段，建立了评价绿色施工水平的指标体系和模糊评估模型，有效降低了既有建筑改造过程中的资源能源消耗和污染物排放。

From the objective of “four savings and one environmental protection measure”， considering retrofit construction characteristics of existing buildings， reasons for environmental pollution and waste of resource and energy during construction process were analyzed， detailed control measures were given， green construction management mode and dynamic control methods and approaches were proposed， and index system and fuzzy assessment model for evaluating the green degree of construction were established. Therefore， resource and energy consumption and pollutant emissions during the retrofit process of existing buildings can be effectively reduced.

城市既有建筑可持续改造利用成套技术具有独创性、新颖性和先进性特点，在城市既有建筑改造利用的各个环节中，如建筑改造设计、结构维修加固、生态改善、节能改造、3R材料利用、绿色施工和项目管理等，均可应用相关研究成果，达到综合效益最大化。通过对各专业环节关键技术的研发和工程应用，形成了城市既有建筑可持续改造利用的成套技术体系。在技术研发和应用期间，研究成果带动相关产业新增产值超过20亿元，已产生显著的社会效益、经济效益和环境效益。研究成果将有效地推动我国城市既有建筑的改造利用水平，合理延长既有建筑使用寿命，减少建筑垃圾，降低建筑业的碳排放量，有效提升既有建筑的使用功能，大幅提升既有建筑居住舒适度。研究成果对提高我国城市既有建筑改造科技含量，建立城市可持续低碳发展模式，增强城市核心竞争力等均有重要作用，具有很高的推广应用价值和广阔的产业化前景。

The integrated technique of sustainable retrofit and reuse of urban existing buildings is original， creative and advanced. Relative research achievements can be applied in every step of retrofit and reuse of urban existing buildings to achieve maximum comprehensive benefits， such as building retrofit design， structural repair and strengthening， ecological improvement， energy-saving renovation， application of 3R materials， green construction and project management. By developing and applying key technologies in every field and step， the integrated technology system of sustainable retrofit and reuse of urban existing buildings was established. During development and application， research achievements has generated more than 2 billion RMB increase in revenue of relative industries， and has attributed outstanding social effects， economic effects and environmental effects.Research achievements can effectively promote the retrofit and reuse level of urban existing buildings in China，reasonably extend the service life of existing buildings， reduce construction waste， bring down carbon emissions of construction industry， effectively enhance utility functions of existing buildings， and significantly enhance living comfort level of existing buildings. Research achievements are important for increasing science contents in retrofit of urban existing buildings in China， establishing sustainable low-carbon developing mode， and enhancing urban core competitiveness. Therefore， they have great application value and huge industrialization prospects.

（上海市建筑科学研究院（集团）有限公司等单位供稿，祁凌云等整理）

(Contributed by Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute (Group) Co.， Ltd.，sorted by Qi Lingyun)