实现智能化生态建筑 精准驱动上海世博

Shanghai Expo Contributing to the Integration Research of Intelligent Eco-building Technologies

从试点示范走向规模应用

From Pilot Demonstration to Large-scale Application

作为2010年上海世博会的一大亮点，城市最佳实践区在全球遴选15个城市案例，分别以居住、办公和商业功能来模拟生活街区，展示体现各个国家通过“建成环境的科技创新”所带来的美好城市生活。面对这样的机遇，我们通过系统研发，提出了以“生态建造、乐活人生”为核心理念的上海人居案例建造方案，在技术应用上兼顾成熟适用和适度超前，旨在展现面向未来的可持续建设方式和人居生活模式，体现上海乃至中国的智能化生态建筑的科技发展水平，并给发展中国家同类城市以有益借鉴。

Urban Best Practice Area (UBPA)， as a highlight for this Expo， selected 15 city cases from all over the world and acted as a sustainable urban neighborhood with mixed functions such as office， businesses and residence.It has showed a better city life through innovative approaches to change the built environment. It was really a challenge and a typical Shanghai residential case was developed to realize a sustainable construction mode and lifestyle of LOHAS， in combination of most mature and some prospective technologies. The Shanghai Case represented the highest level of national intelligent eco-buildings， and it could be a good example for similar cities in other developing countries.

气候适应型围护结构节能体系

Climate-adaptive Energy-saving Building Envelope System

以上海为代表的夏热冬冷地区，面临着夏季高温高湿、冬季寒冷漫长的气候特征，如何给建筑物选择一件合适的兼顾保温隔热双重功能的外衣，成为最困扰建筑师的问题之一。传统的外墙外保温体系存在安全性、耐久性、防火与失效修复问题，而内保温则需要占用一定室内空间，是否有更好的解决途径呢？该技术应用了新型的无机保温砂浆内外复合节能体系，在满足节能设计标准要求的前提下，充分发挥无机保温砂浆以及内外保温的综合优势，实现高舒适性、低能耗的要求。其中，建筑外墙采用长江淤泥砖作为填充墙，表面采用隔热涂料或隔热砂浆，保温层采用无机保温砂浆，内立面采用相变材料与脱硫石膏复合系统，在保护环境的同时，使建筑外皮具有随室外环境变化而变化的自适应特征。在外窗选用上，结合上海地区的气候特征和建筑使用习惯，开发了双层窗系统，这是一个由内外两层窗构成的双层透明围护结构，中间层安装遮阳系统，由于中间层的气体流动是有序和可控的，因此能够调整室内的光线、热量、空气品质和噪声等级。

Shanghai is located in the “hot summer and cold winter” climate zone in China， and thus a suitable building envelop should meet both the functions of heat preservation and insulation in the two different seasons， which is a challenge for designers. Traditional exterior wall insulation systems have the issues of safety， durability， fire protection and lose recovery， while internal insulation requires more interior spaces. A better solution of inorganic thermal insulation system for two sides of wall was adapted in this project to meet the energy saving goal. The structural elements of the wall in the project were made by river deposits from Yangtze River. The outside of the wall was finished by inorganic thermal insulation coating or mortar， while the inside of the wall was finished by composite system of phase change material and desulfurized gypsum that could be adaptive according to outdoor environment changes. The invention of double window system was to suit the weather condition and operation customs in Shanghai. The window was composed by two operable windows and sunshade between them. By controlling each part of the window， users could maintain the sun lighting， thermal performance， air quality and acoustics of the building environment.

城市废弃物资源化绿色建材体系

Green Construction Materials through Solid Waste Recycling

城市的建设过程中伴随着混凝土、钢材等大量自然资源的消耗，以上海为例，年水泥使用量2 000万吨以上，混凝土使用量6 000万立方米以上。另一方面，旧城改造过程中产生大量的建筑垃圾，而工业废渣的排放量也很大。垃圾，作为放错位置的资源，是否可以通过有效的资源化和循环利用将其重新转化为建设材料呢？该技术充分利用建筑垃圾和工业废渣等固体废弃物进行资源化再生，打造了“绿色工程建材体系”，包括再生骨料混凝土、粉煤灰商品砂浆、石库门旧砖等。并且利用粉煤灰、矿渣粉等工业废料代替部分水泥，利用旧混凝土取代大部分碎石作为混凝土骨料，生产再生骨料混凝土；利用粉煤灰、尾矿砂等生产商品砂浆；利用电厂脱硫石膏生产的隔墙板；利用石库门里弄拆迁的旧砖作为地板砖；利用建筑垃圾生产混凝土小型空心砌块；利用长江口淤积粉细砂生产灰砂砖等。

“双层窗”构造和全年控制模式
The structure and control modes of “Double Window” System

“再生绿色建材”应用展示
The display of recycled green materials

The consumption of concrete and steel is rapidly increasing due to urbanization. In Shanghai， over 20 million tons and 60 million m3 were used every year. In other hand， mass of solid wastes were generated by urban redevelopment and industry discharge. Waste， as we known is resource in wrong place， can be recycled and reused as construction materials. This project was built by several kinds of recycled materials，including recycled aggregate concrete， fly ash mortar， reused bricks from Shanghai traditional housing “Shikumen”，FGD gypsum board， recycled concrete hollow block and bricks made by river deposits from Yangtze River.

建筑智能化集成管理中心(www.xing528.com)

Building Intelligent Integrated Control Center

智能化系统与建筑的高效运行息息相关，通过智慧化的管理可以提升建筑物的管理水平和运行效率，在提供高品质人居环境的同时，节省大量的电费和水费账单。集成能源管理、环境监测、设备管理和信息管理等四大功能于一体的建筑智能化管理中心：通过能源管理中心，实现对建筑用能和产能系统的调剂；通过环境监测中心，实现对室内环境质量的监测反馈；通过设备管理中心，实现对机电设备系统的状态监视；通过信息管理中心，采用射频识别（RFID）和红外感应实现人流量统计。世博会期间，集成管理中心成为连接展馆和园区的数据中枢，可实现实时动态监测。而在智能家居展示中，针对单身公寓、三代同堂、乐龄天地等不同居住需求，量身定制未来智能家居体验，围绕“精于心、简于形”的设计理念，打造互动娱乐、关爱和谐、绿色节能这三个主题，通过有意义的创新来改善人们的居住生活质量。

Efficiency of the building depends on the intelligent systems， which would lead to massive operational costs saving and better environment quality. In this project， the center system of intelligent management is comprised of four systems. First， energy management system can adjust consumption and generations of energy within the building. Second， Indoor environment monitoring system can monitor the environment quality and response dynamically. Third， building management system automatically monitors the status and parameters of the devices.Last， quantity of visitors can be counted by RFID and infrared sensors through the information management system. During the opening period of Expo 2010， this system acted as a interaction hub between the Expo Park and the project itself. A smart home system was also exhibited within the project to show the future living styleof different modes， including singleperson household， big family and aging people， focusing on the three themes on interactive entertainment， care and love，green and low-carbon.

“机器人家政服务系统”（迎宾机器人乐队）
Housekeeping Robots

多机器人家政服务系统

Housekeeping Robot System

随着人工智能领域技术水平的飞跃发展，机器人已经从工业制造领域逐渐走进了民用领域，日益与人们的家庭生活紧密结合起来。家用机器人是机器人技术与信息技术、辅助技术、护理技术和康复医学的结合，可以带给人们安康、便捷的生活享受。多机器人家政服务系统，包括：可以全面执行多种复杂护理任务、自主监控家用设备状况和安全情况的家用监控机器人；可以辅助护理长期卧床家人的家用护理机器人；可以辅助青少年学习的家用教育机器人；可以进行互动娱乐的娱乐机器人等。由此，构成了由多类型家用机器人组成的未来生活展示平台，展示“机器人让未来生活更美好”的理念。

According to rapid development of artificial intelligence technology， robot is now not only used in manufacturing but also close to people’s life. Technology of domestic robots is an integration of information technology， assistance technology， nursing and rehabilitation medicine care. In this project， a future lifestyle based on multi-functional housekeeping robot system was developed， for different kinds of living modes， which included robot nurse for aging people， robot teacher for young people and robot performer for entertainment. It displayed the idea of “Better Robots， Better Future City Life”.

以“节能减排、资源回用、环境宜居、智能高效”为核心的智能化生态建筑技术集成体系，已在2010年上海世博会“沪上生态家”项目获得了成功应用。世博会期间，作为兼具绿色建筑展品和未来人居体验馆双重属性的展馆，“沪上生态家”成为了展示发展中国家之夏热冬冷地区超大城市的智能化生态住宅发展理念、先进科技产品的普及教育基地和国内外合作交流的平台，取得了良好的社会效益。

The integrated technical system of “Low carbon， Recycle， Livable environment and Intelligent service” has been fully applied in the project Shanghai Eco-housing in the Expo 2010 Shanghai. During the opening period of Expo， the project was not only a pavilion of green building or future life experiences; it was also a solution for how to build intelligent Eco-Buildings in similar cities of developing countries to deal with typical weather conditions. The project was also a good communication platform for advanced techniques and a good public education base.

智能化生态建筑技术集成的相关研究成果，已经在上海以及其他城市的生态建设实践中得到了很好的复制推广，通过以点带面，从试点示范走向规模化应用，极大地支撑了国内近年来绿色建筑的跨越式发展。放眼未来，“一带一路”沿线国家在城市建设领域还有着巨大的增长空间，对于和本国经济技术发展水平相应的实用性技术有着强烈的需求。

“沪上生态家”建成实景
The project of Shanghai Eco-housing

Achievements of the intelligent Eco-Building research have been put into practices successfully in many pioneer eco-city projects， from individual building design into urban planning in a larger level. It has been a great support for the leap-forward development in the field of green buildings. When we look into the future， more technologies of building constructions are needed from the cities alone the “Belt and Road”initiative.

（上海市建筑科学研究院（集团）有限公司等单位供稿，祁凌云等整理）

(Contributed by Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute (Group) Co.， Ltd.，sorted by Qi Lingyun)