应急处置高招，应对环境突发事件

Instant Response and Rapid Disposal

环境突发事件巧应对

Ingenious Disposal of Environmental Emergencies

长江口在上海市“两江并举、多源互补”的水源地战略格局中有着举足轻重的作用。此外，长江又是“黄金水道”，随着长江和海洋运输的发展，长江口的航运和工程建设越来越多，随之带来的突发性污染事故较为频繁，且风险、危害程度和修复治理难度都比较大。同时，东风西沙水源地处长江口，受长江径流、水上航运、区域引排水与东海潮汐的共同作用，水质变化十分复杂，水质防控面临着流动性突发污染的严重威胁和北支咸潮倒灌影响的严峻挑战。

Yangtze River estuary in Shanghai has a pivotal role in water source strategic pattern of “two rivers develop simultaneously， multi-source river develop complementarily”. At the same time， the Yangtze River is a “golden waterway” with increasing number of shipping and construction projects because of marine transport development. However it was followed by more frequent sudden pollution accidents， resulting in great difficulty in risk， hazard and remediation problems. Meanwhile， Dongfeng Xisha water source is located in the Yangtze River estuary influenced by the synergy effect of Yangtze River runoff， aquatic shipping， regional drainage and tidal interaction of the East China Sea， which complicated the water quality changes. Water quality control is facing serious threat of sporadic pollution accidents and salt tide intrusion on the north branch.

淀山湖位于太湖流域下游，近20年来，由于上游和环湖大量工业、农业及生活污水的排放，淀山湖水质呈持续恶化趋势，多次暴发蓝藻水华。

Dianshan Lake is located in the lower reaches of the Taihu Lake Basin. In the past 20 years， due to a large number of industrial， agricultural and domestic sewage discharge around the lake and in upstream， the water quality of Dianshan Lake continues to deteriorate with repeated outbreak of blue algae bloom.

针对以上情况，提出了长江口溢油事故生态环境影响评估及治理修复技术体系，从而更好应对日益频繁的溢油事故，提高溢油事件监管水平，保障城市生态安全。开展水源地咸潮入侵规律探讨、风险源调查评估、污染源减控、突发污染预警等关键技术的集成研究，构建淀山湖水华的预警监测和预报技术，对上海城市发展与经济建设具有重要的作用。

In view of these circumstances， environmental impact assessment and governance restoration technology were developed for better coping with the increasingly frequent oil spill in the Yangtze River Estuary， improving oil spill supervision level and protecting urban ecological security. It is of great importance to construct the monitoring and forecasting technology of algal bloom in Dianshan Lake， which is of great significance to urban development and economic construction in Shanghai.

长江口溢油事故生态环境影响评估及治理修复技术

Environmental Impact Assessment and Restoration Technology of Oil Spill in the Yangtze River Estuary

自主开发构建的溢油信息遥感智能解译技术多项式核函数的模型，可对溢油的种类、面积和溢油总量进行动态监控。光谱数据库的构建，使溢油污染遥感预测变得非常高效及智能化。

Independent development of polynomial kernel function model for oil spill information remote sensing intelligent interpretation technology is used for dynamic monitoring the type of oil spill， area and the total amount of oil spill. Construction of the spectral database has made oil spill pollution remote sensing highly efficient and intelligent.

污染滩涂人群健康评估技术，基于污染源-途径-受体健康评估概念模型和合理化最大暴露场景，计算了溢油污染滩地总石油烃经口腔摄入、口鼻吸入和皮肤接触等途径进入人体的暴露量，并同时确定了溢油污染滩地总石油烃含量的风险可控值。该值也是后续滩地修复治理工作的目标值，可为合理选取治理修复技术提供科学依据。

Health assessment technology for people in contaminated beach based on the pollution source-route-receptor health assessment concept model and rationalization of the maximum exposure scenarios calculated human body exposure through total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) oral intake， mouth and nose and inhalation and skin exposure in the oil spill pollution area. And the risk control value of the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) isalso the goal value of the subsequent restoration and rectification of the beach， which provides a scientific basis for rational selection of the remediation technology.

溢油污染水槽动态实验装置
Dynamic experimental device for oil spillage pollution

污染滩涂高级氧化修复技术，选取了常用的土壤高级氧化剂（芬顿试剂、类芬顿试剂和过硫酸钠），搭建出滩涂湿地潮汐作用模拟装置，模拟潮汐作用下污染滩地的高级氧化修复过程。就效果来看，芬顿试剂表现最佳，可快速消灭石油烃污染物，并且在潮汐作用下，其修复过程并未给周边水体带来大的影响，但前提是应制定周密的环境管理计划，合理安排修复工程进度，最大程度上避免造成二次污染。

Through selection of the commonly used soil advanced oxidant (Fenton reagent， Fenton reagent and sodium persulfate)， advanced oxidation repair technology for polluted tidal flat set up a tidal wetland tidal effect simulation device to simulate advanced oxidation repair process in polluted tidal flat. In view of the effect， the Fenton reagent is the best performer， which can quickly eliminate petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants. moreover，under the influence of the tide， the restoration process will not bring much impact on the surrounding water under the premise of detailed environmental management planning and reasonable arrangements on project restoration progress for avoiding secondary pollution to the greatest extent.

淀山湖蓝藻水华预警监测和预报技术

Early Warning Monitoring and Forecasting Technology on Blue Algae Blooms in Dianshan Lake

针对淀山湖富营养化现状及湖泊形态特点，设计构建了以常规监测及专项应急监测为基础，以气象自动监测为辅助，以多参数水质自动监测、遥感解译、现场巡视和实验室分析等4 个部分为核心的淀山湖蓝藻水华预警监测体系。

According to the status of eutrophication and lake morphology of Dianshan Lake， we have designed and constructed early warning and monitoring system of blue algae blooms in Dianshan Lake based on regular and special emergency monitoring assisted by meteorological automatic monitoring with four parts including multi-parameter water quality monitoring， remote sensing interpretation， site inspection and laboratory analysis as its core.

构建了淀山湖水华预警生态动力学模型，并模拟了淀山湖主要藻类在水温、光照及营养盐变动条件下的时空变化过程。模型设立水体、水中悬浮物和底泥沉积物三个营养盐库，模拟了营养盐在这三个营养盐库之间的迁移转化过程。

The ecological dynamics model of algae bloom pre-warning in Dianshan Lake is constructed to simulate the temporal and spatial variation of main algae in Dianshan Lake under spatial and temporal change of water temperature， light and nutrient salt. The model set up three nutrient pools of water， suspended solids and sediments， simulating migration and transformation of nutrients between these three nutrient pools.

通过收集淀山湖近30年来气象、水文历史资料，并研究气象、水文与历次蓝藻暴发的相关性，分析了淀山湖在不同气象、水文组合条件发生蓝藻水华的风险概率。应用“特征时间指数法”，构建出淀山湖蓝藻水华暴发的风险评估方法。该方法以“蓝藻暴发预期时间”作为风险评估结果，可对蓝藻暴发给出短期和中期的风险预警。

By collecting the meteorological and hydrological data of Dianshan Lake in recent thirty years， we did research on the relevance of meteorological and hydrological and blue algae bursts and analyzed the blooms in different meteorological and hydrological conditions. Risk assessment method of the blooms in Dianshan Lake was built with “feature time exponential method” to make “predictions on outbreak time of blue algae” and present short-term and medium-term risk warning for the outbreaks.

淀山湖2008年各点位全年藻类演替规律模拟结果（红色实线：硅藻，绿色虚线：绿藻，蓝色虚线：蓝藻）
Variations in algal processes at observation sites of Dianshan Lake in 2008 (red solid line: Bacillariophyta; green dashed line:Chlorophyta; blue dashed line: Cyanophyta)(https://www.xing528.com)

崇明岛东风西沙水源地水质预警与防控关键技术

Key Technology of Raw Water Quality Early Warning and Prevention and Control in Dongfeng Xisha Water Source in Chongming Island

水源地风险评估技术，综合考虑了风险事件发生频率、风险事件严重性、风险事件不确定性、风险受体抗风险能力、风险事件可控性等5方面，创新建立了具有3个层次、5类准则、9项指标的长江口水源地风险评估指标体系、分级标准和评估模型，科学评估了固定源、流域源、移动源3类风险源的风险等级。

According to the five aspects of water source risk assessment technology， comprehensive consideration of the frequency of risk events， the severity of risk events， risk event uncertainty， anti-risk ability of the risk receptor，risk event control， etc. We have creatively built risk assessment index system， grading standards and evaluation model in three levels， five rules with nine indexes for scientific evaluation on the risk grade of three kinds of risk source in stationary source， watershed source and mobile source.

通过鸽场节水和污水处理减控技术，研制出鸽窝棉布包装稻草垫盘以及新型鸽笼自动供料装置和自动饮水器一体化的喂养工艺，可以减少约29%的用水量和污水排放量。经水质检测对比分析，CODCr、总氮和总磷等指标浓度也比设施改造前下降了50%以上；鸽粪、鸽羽、垫布清洗等废弃物资源化的利用效率达到近90%。

Water-saving and sewage treatment technology in pigeon farm has developed integrated feeding process of a pigeon nest cotton cloth straw pad， a new type of pigeon automatic feeding device and automatic drinking water，which can reduce water consumption and sewage discharge by 29%. After comparison of the water quality test results， the concentration of CODCr， total nitrogen and total phosphorus have been decreased by more than 50%;the resource utilization efficiency of pigeon feces， pigeon feathers and mat cloth cleaning was nearly 90%.

通过发展猪场粪污生态处理减控技术，实施猪场粪污生态处理沼气发电工程，可实现年产沼气16.8万立方米，年产电能25.2万度，年产沼渣固体有机肥658吨，年产浓沼液1 435吨、稀沼液6 300吨；并且每年可减排CODCr 252吨、氨氮12.6吨，使猪场粪污生态处理工艺取得了显著的治污减污减排效果，实现了废弃物高效综合利用，猪场废弃物资源化利用率达到86%，有利于猪场周边河道水质改善。

Through implementation of ecological treatment of bio-gas from pig farm manure for power generation project， pig farm fecal ecological treatment reduction technology can achieve annual output of 168 000 m3 of bio-gas， with 252 000 kW·h， 658 tons of organic fertilizer， 1 435 tons of concentrated bio-gas slurry and diluted 6 300 tons of bio-gas slurry output annually; what’s more， it has reduced 252 tons of CODCr and 12.6 tons of ammonia nitrogen emission annually. The pig farm fecal ecological treatment process has achieved significant pollution and emission reduction effect to achieve comprehensive utilization of waste. The utilization of pig farm waste utilization rate has reached 86%， which is conducive to pig farm water quality improvement.

使用水源地水质监测预警技术，建立了东风西沙水源地分区、分类、分项的水质监测预警指标体系；设立了3级预警区域、4色预警级别、7类18项水质监测预警指标，为提高长江口东风西沙水源地应对咸潮入侵避咸引淡取水能力提供了重要技术依据。

Water source quality monitoring and early warning technology has established water quality monitoring and early warning index system in Dongfeng Xisha water source area in different divisions， classifications and sections. The establishment of three early warning area， four color warning level， seven categories of eighteen water quality monitoring and early warning indicators have provided important technical basis for Dongfeng Xisha water source in tackling salt tide invasion and improving abilities in avoiding salty water and getting fresh water.

使用水源地突发污染预警集成技术，研发了长江口杭州湾水文、气象、海洋等实时数据与三维水动力模型以及全球气象预报模型风场和水动力模型预测流场与突发污染预警模型OilMap和ChemMap无缝链接的数据交换接口，通过深度融合在线监测、数据库、Web-GIS、互联网和预警模型技术，建立了基于Web-GIS的长江口水源地突发污染预警系统平台，形成了高含沙量、易突发污染、高盐度入侵的潮汐河口水库型水源地水质防控和突发污染预警关键技术。

Emergent pollution of water source pre-warning integrating technology has developed three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of real-time meteorological， hydrological and marine data monitoring of Hangzhou Bay in Yangtze River estuary， seamless linking data exchange interface of global meteorological forecasting wind field model， hydrodynamic forecast model and emergent pollution pre-warning model of OilMap and ChemMap in emergent pollution pre-warning model. The emergent pollution pre-warning system platform of the Yangtze River estuary water source based on Web-GIS is established on deep integration of on-line monitoring， database building， Web-GIS， internet and early warning model building technology. As a result， the key technologies for prevention and control and emergent pollution pre-warning of reservoir-type tidal river water sources with high sediment concentration， vulnerable in emergent pollution and high salinity intrusion has come into being.

长江口溢油事故生态环境影响评估及治理修复技术的研究成果已经直接应用于崇明区人民政府应对长江口白茆沙水域“12.30”溢油事故的处理中，并且在未来可应用于上海市海洋、海事、环保等相关部门，提升长江口溢油污染事故应急处置评估修复管理水平。

The research results on the eco-environmental impact assessment and restoration technology of the oil spill in the Yangtze River estuary have been applied directly to the “12.30” oil spill disposal in the Baimaosha water area of the Yangtze River estuary and can be applied in enhancing the emergency response assessment and repair management level of the Yangtze River estuary oil spill pollution accident by the marine， maritime， environmental protection and other relevant departments.

从2008年7月淀山湖蓝藻水华的预警监测体系开始业务化运行以来，在近年的实践工作中也取得了一些成果，基本做到可及时发现蓝藻水华，并为有关部门及时启动应急预案提供科学依据。

Since the beginning of the business of Dianshan Lake algae blooms early warning and monitoring system in July 2008， we have made some achievements in practice and work in recent years， basically achieved timely detection on blue algae bloom， providing a scientific basis for the relevant departments to start a contingency plan in a timely manner.

基于Web-GIS的东风西沙水源地突发污染预警系统平台，在2012～2016年发生的多起典型溢油事故影响预测计算分析中，均得以成功应用，其模拟计算的溢油污染运动轨迹、影响范围、影响历时和影响程度与现场观测、遥感反馈以及岸线巡查信息基本一致，如为2016年7月长江太仓段突发溢油污染事故的环境影响提前发布的准确预报预警结果，为有效防范突发溢油污染对陈行水库水源地的供水安全风险提供了科学决策依据。上述技术已在上海市城乡中小河道环境综合治理中得到推广应用，并已用于编制《长江口咸潮应对工作预案》，并获得国家防汛抗旱总指挥部批复实施，助推了长江口水源地的供水安全。

The emergency pollution pre-warning system platform of Dongfeng Xisha water source based on Web-GIS has been successfully applied into the calculation and analysis of several typical oil spill accidents forecast from 2012 to 2016. Its simulated oil spill trajectory， the impact scope， impact duration and extent are basically in consistent with site observations， remote sensing feedback and shoreline inspection information. For example，precise forecast warning on the sudden oil spill pollution accident in Taicang section of Yangtze River in July 2016 was released beforehand， which provide scientific decision-making basis for effective prevention on sudden oil spill pollution and water supply safety risk of Chenhang reservoir water source. The above technologies have been popularized and applied in the comprehensive management of small and medium-sized urban and rural rivers in Shanghai， and have been used for the preparation of the Yangtze River Estuary Salt Response Work Plan approved by the National Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters， thereby improved water supply safety of Yangtze River estuary water source.

长江口溢油事故生态环境影响评估及治理修复技术研究，充分考虑了河口生态环境的特殊性，把生态系统结构与功能恢复列为核心内容，提出了适用于长江口区域的影响评估及治理修复技术方法体系，可解决针对长江口特定生态环境的评估及治理修复技术单一、薄弱且不成体系等问题，并可提升本市溢油污染事故应急处置评估管理水平。整套技术体系对其他区域溢油事故有一定的借鉴价值，具有良好的推广应用和技术转移化前景。

The environmental impact assessment and restoration technology of the estuary oil spill in the Yangtze River estuary has taken the particularity of the ecological environment of the estuary into account by putting ecological system structural and functional recovery as the core content， and bringing up assessment and restoration technology system applicable for Yangtze River estuary to solve single， weak and fragmented problems of specific environmental assessment and restoration technology， improve oil spill pollution accident assessment and management level. The whole package of technology system can serve as reference for oil spills in other regions with good prospects on promotion， application and technology transfer.

淀山湖蓝藻水华预警监测体系的设计和藻类水华预警预报模型的建立可为国内富营养化湖泊的水华预警和富营养化防治提供有效的技术手段和应用示范。

The design of early warning and monitoring system of algae blooms in Dianshan Lake and the establishment of algal blooms early warning and forecasting model can provide effective technical means and application demonstration for waterlogging warning and eutrophication control in domestic eutrophication lakes.

在崇明岛东风西沙水源地水质预警与防控关键技术成果的基础上，从系统防控咸潮入侵、水库富营养化及防治水污染等方面，经过深入研究提出了长江口水源地供水保证率提高的工程性和非工程性技术方案；通过融合长江水文及长江口气象、盐水入侵预报及水源地水质监测预警等技术，建立长江流域-河口联动的水源地安全监测预报预警业务化应用平台。也可为我国东部沿海地区饮用水水源地安全保障提供先进实用、稳定可靠的成熟集成技术，对提升河口水库型水源地供水安全保障能力及调度管理科技水平具有广阔的应用前景。

Based on the key technical achievements of water quality early warning and prevention and control ofDongsha Xisha water source in Chongming Island， we delved into and brought forward engineering and nonengineering technology program for high assurance on water supply in Yangtze River estuary water source from the prospect of systematic control of salinity intrusion， eutrophication and water pollution control. Through integration of the Yangtze River hydrology and the Yangtze River estuary weather with salt water intrusion prediction and water quality monitoring and early warning technology， we have established Yangtze River Basinestuary linkage water source safety monitoring and forecasting operational platform， which can also provide advanced， practical， stable and mature integrated technology for the safety and security of drinking water sources in the eastern coastal areas of China with a wide application foreground for improving the water supply safety and scientific safety management capability of the estuarine reservoir water source.

（上海市环境科学研究院等单位供稿等单位供稿，虞俭等整理）

(Contributed by Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences， sorted by Yu Jian)